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  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects  (7)
  • Astronomy
  • E31
  • J24
  • OBS
  • 2005-2009  (8)
  • 1995-1999
  • 2009  (8)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Per meglio comprendere e monitorare i processi sismo-tettonici in atto nell’area Euro- Mediterranea, negli ultimi decenni si è assistito allo sviluppo in quest’area di oltre un centinaio di reti di monitoraggio sismico a terra. Tuttavia il monitoraggio sismico della regione Euro- Mediterranea tramite sole stazioni a terra è di difficile attuazione; numerosi sono infatti gli eventi sismici con epicentro in mare. L’effetto dell’insufficiente copertura in molte aree prevalentemente offshore delle reti sismiche produce un immagine della sismicità Mediterranea incompleta e distorta. Uno degli obbiettivi del progetto NERIES, attività NA6, è l’estensione offshore delle reti sismiche tramite l’impiego di OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer). Nel 2007, all’interno del suddetto progetto, l’OBS Lab (CNT, INGV) ha deposto tre OBS in prossimità di uno dei tre siti chiave proposti da ESONET (European Sea Floor Observatory Network) nello Ionio Meridionale (D’Anna et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008d). Lo Ionio Meridionale e le aree limotrofe, sismicamente molto attive sono attualmente soggette ad una rapida deformazione; i diversi modelli geodinamici del Mediterraneo propongono per la crosta ionica una probabile origine oceanica (Catalano et al., 2001; Finetti e Del Ben, 2005). L’attività sismica, perlopiù superficiale, è in gran parte localizzata lungo gli archi Ellenico, Egeo e Calabro, la Sicilia orientale e la scarpata Ibleo-Maltese. La distribuzione della sismicità e l’evoluzione geodinamica dell’area ionica sono in gran parte determinati dalla convergenza della placca Africana e Euroasiatica (Finetti e Del Ben, 2005). La prima campagna OBS ha permesso di raccogliere dati sismologici per oltre 9 mesi da tre diversi OBS; la seconda conclusasi nel febbraio 2009 ha aggiunto al database sismologico della stazione OBS A3 ulteriori 10 mesi di registrazione in continuo. Durante le 2 campagne l’array di OBS ha registrato oltre 1000 eventi, di cui circa 200 telesismi, 800 eventi regionali e oltre 200 eventi non localizzati da stazioni a terra. In Fig. 1 sono riportati i segnali di velocità e di pressione registrati dalla stazione OBS A3, di un evento telesismico di magnitudo pari a 7.2 con epicentro nella regione dello Xinjiang-Xizang. In una fase preliminare si è voluto valutare l’effetto di queste stazioni sulle performance di localizzazione della Rete Sismica Nazionale applicando il metodo SNES (Seismic Network Evaluation through Simulation, D’Alessandro et al., 2009). Per il calcolo delle mappe SNES è stato stimato il valore medio del rumore sismico sulla componente verticale delle tre stazioni OBS. Le mappe dell’errore sulla stima dell’ipocentro di Fig. 2 sono state calcolate come il raggio della sfera equivalente dell’ellisoide di confidenza al 95% (Radious of Equivalent Spere, RES), per magnitudo pari a 2.5 e 3, fissando la profondità ipocentrale a 15 km. La mappa di Fig. 2 mostra come un’estesa area dello Ionio meridionale risulti meglio coperta in seguito all’installazione delle tre stazioni OBS; in particolare è evidente un notevole miglioramento del RES che in alcune aree prima non coperte scende sotto il valore di 2 km. Gli eventi ben localizzati dalle reti dell’INGV, dell’EMSC, dell’USGS e dalla rete sismica nazionale greca sono stati utilizzati per determinare gli azimuth delle componenti orizzontali degli OBS attraverso un’analisi di correlazione dei back-azimuth ottenuti tramite l’analisi di polarizzazione dei segnali 3C degli OBS e i corrispondenti back-azimuth dedotti dalle loro localizzazioni (D’Alessandro et al., 2008). Successivamente l’analisi di polarizzazione e lo studio dei tempi di arrivo delle onde P ed S ha permesso di effettuare una localizzare approssimativa di molti degli eventi non localizzati dalla rete sismica nazionale. Per un’accurata stima della distanza epicentrale è stato necessario ricavare un modello ottimale di velocità delle onde P ed S per l’area in esame. Per definire un modello 1D di velocità delle onde P per l’area ionica, sono stati invertiti i tempi di arrivo di oltre 300 fasi P degli eventi regionali registrati. Dell’intero dataset sono stati scelti solamente gli eventi con RMS inferiore a 0.3s e errore standard di localizzazione minore di 3.0 km. Sulla base delle informazioni attualmente disponibili per l’area del bacino ionico e delle aree circostanti, sono stati inoltre scartati gli eventi con ipocentro superficiale in aree intensamente deformate; per queste aree sono state selezionati solo gli evensorgente alla stazione è stato risolto in maniera analitica per i raggi rifratti e tramite la tecnica dello “shooting” per le onde dirette. Nella soluzione del problema diretto è stata considerata anche la profondità delle stazioni. Il modello di velocità delle onde S è stato ottenuto invertendo le curve di dispersione del modo fondamentale delle onde di Rayleigh. L’inversione congiunta dei tempi di viaggio e delle curve di dispersione ha permesso di definire un unico modello 1D di velocità. Il modello ottenuto e i risultati della localizzazione saranno esposti durante il convegno.
    Description: Published
    Description: Trieste
    Description: 2.5. Laboratorio per lo sviluppo di sistemi di rilevamento sottomarini
    Description: open
    Keywords: OBS ; NERIES ; Ionio ; sismicità ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic activity is the main natural sources of sulphur dioxide (SO2) to the atmosphere. Although total anthropogenic sources are overwhelming greater, volcanoes like Mt. Etna and many others are considered to be among the biggest point sources of SO2 also during intereruptive periods. Apart from being one of the most impressive geodynamic expressions, volcanoes are also an important tourist attraction. During the summer season the number of tourists visiting the summit craters each day is on average many tens at Stromboli, hundreds at Vulcano and thousands at Mt. Etna. Of course touristic exploitation of active volcanic areas cannot exempt from warranting a reasonable security to the visiting persons. But while many risks in these areas have been since long time considered, gas hazard, a very subtle risk, is often disregarded. For healthy persons, about 1000 µg m-3 of sulphur dioxide is sensed by smell, 2000 to 4000 µg m-3 cause eye, nose and throat irritation, and 10,000 to 15,000 µg m-3 cause respiratory failure. For individuals with bronchial asthma or lung diseases, exposure to much lower doses could be fatal. Generally, a 700 µg m-3 level is considered to be a safe limit for such persons. The atmospheric concentrations of naturally emitted SO2 were measured at three volcanoes of southern Italy (Mt. Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli). Measurements were made with a network of passive samplers positioned at about 1.5 m above the ground, which gave time-integrated values for periods from few days to 1 month. Samplers were placed in zones of the volcanoes with high tourist frequentation. Measured concentrations reach values as high as 2700, 2400 and 10,000 µg m-3 for Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli respectively. Such values are absolutely dangerous to people affected by bronchial asthma or lung diseases. But considering that these are average values over periods from few days up to one month, SO2 concentrations could reach much higher peak values that could be dangerous also to healthy people. The present study evidences a peculiar volcanic risk connected to the touristic exploitation of active volcanic areas. Such risk is particularly enhanced at Mt.Etna where elderly and not perfectly healthy people can easily reach, with cableway and off-road vehicles, areas with dangerous SO2 concentrations.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bari, Italy
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic degassing ; sulphur dioxide ; passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes emit considerable amounts of contaminants such as As, Se and V. Mount Etna is the biggest volcano of Europe and an excellent geochemical site to study water-soil processes. Due to its volcanic activity, the rainwater has a strong compositional gradient, both in time and space. At present, the behaviour of trace elements in the soils around Mt Etna is poorly understood. To determine the influence of the rainwater pH on the potential mobilization of geogenic pollutants, batch experiments have been performed with synthetic rainwater for 25 soils collected along the flanks of the volcano. Our results show that: i) The maximum concentrations in the leaching solutions are higher for acid rain than for neutral rain (e.g. 7.7 vs 1.3 mg/L for Se). ii) With neutral rain conditions the soils upwind from the volcano have higher concentrations of Se than those downwind (up to 1.3 mg/L compared to ≤0.3 mg/L for the other samples). This trend is less clear for As and V. iii) For soils collected from 2 to 10 km downwind of the craters, Se concentrations in acid rain leachates decrease one order of magnitude with increasing distance. A similar pattern is also observed upwind from the volcano. For As and V no clear relationship between concentrations and location with respect to the volcanic craters is observed. Both i) and ii) result in a low pH dependence for samples upwind from the volcano. The biggest difference between acid and neutral leaching for As and V is observed for a sample 2 km downwind from the craters. The observed patterns are influenced by potential controlling factors, such as organic matter content, total concentrations, mineralogy, influence of the volcanic plume, etc. Our results have implications for the chemical composition of the Etnean aquifer, the only water resource to the one million inhabitants around Mt Etna, as well as for the bioavailability and potential toxicity through agricultural activities, essential to the local economy.
    Description: Published
    Description: Davos, Switzerland
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic soils ; selenium ; arsenic ; vanadium ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geochemical comparison between some metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, V, Zn) emissions from an active volcano (Mt. Etna) and a highly industrialized area (Salek Valley) showed some interesting similarities: in general, most of the elements emitted into the atmosphere do not return to the Earth's surface and are therefore dispersed into the environment. Exceptions for Salek Valley are Cd, which probably derives in large part from rock leaching, and in part As and Pb, which fall mostly as ash. Also, Etna's emissions are richer in Cd and Cu, whereas industrial emissions at Salek Valley are richer in V and Zn. All other metals have similar fluxes in the two types of emissions.
    Description: Published
    Description: Ljubljana, Slovenia
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Trace metals ; Mt. Etna ; Salek Valley ; metals budget ; pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are one of the major natural sources of H2S to the atmosphere. Its environmental impact is often the main cause of the opposition to the development of geothermal energy exploitation programs. In this paper we analyze the air concentrations and dispersion pattern of naturally emitted H2S at the geothermal area of Sousaki (Corinthia, Greece). Measurements, made with a network of passive samplers, evidence a rapid decrease of concentration values away from the emission points. The fact that the decrease is more pronounced in the summer with respect to the winter indicates that it is not only due to a dilution effect, but also to redox reactions favoured by higher temperatures and intense sunlight typical of the summer period.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1723-1728
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Hydrogen sulphide ; Environmental impact of volcanic activity ; Gas hazard ; Passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Chemical and isotopic analyses of the main gas manifestations of the island of Pantelleria (Italy) were used to gain insight on the origin of the released methane. Results indicate that the most probable origin is through abiogenic reactions within the hydrothermal system. Methane and CO2 flux measurements from the soils were made with the accumulation chamber method in an area of about 0.015 km2 within the main fumarolic area of the island (Favara Grande). The 23 measurements range from –34 to 3550 mg m-2 d-1 for CH4 and from 0.6 to 379 g m-2 d-1 for CO2. The relationships between CH4 and CO2 fluxes and the CH4/CO2 ratios in the gases collected between 25 and 100 cm depth provide evidence for methanotrophic processes within the soils. Methane output for the surveyed area was calculated in 2.5 t a-1 and extrapolated to about 5-10 t a-1 for the entire volcanic/hydrothermal system of the island. Previous higher estimates of the CH4 output at Pantelleria (Etiope et al., 2007 - J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 165, 76 – 86) were based on soil CO2 output and CH4/CO2 ratios in fumarolic gases; the present work provides the first direct CH4 flux data and it suggests that methanotrophic activity in the soil could be substantial in reducing the CH4 emission to the atmosphere.
    Description: Published
    Description: 147-157
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: hydrothermal systems ; gas geochemistry ; isotope composition ; methane output ; methanotrophic consumption ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are one of the major natural sources of environmentally relevant gases to the atmosphere. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a toxic gas, which is rather always present in geothermal fluids. Like carbon dioxide, being a gas that is denser than atmospheric air, it can accumulate in topographic depressions and enclosures sometimes reaching concentrations (500-1000 ppm) lethal to humans and animals. It has a characteristic odor of rotten eggs to which the human smell is very sensible (odor threshold as low as 10 ppb for very sensible persons). The south Aegean volcanic arc, which is related to the subduction of the African plate beneath the Eurasian plate, comprises many active or extinct volcanic centres. Most of them are characterised by the presence of fumarolic areas. The peculiarity and beauty of such manifestations attracts each year thousands of tourists many of which go very close to the emission vents. In the present study we measured the atmospheric concentrations and dispersion pattern of naturally emitted H2S at four fumarolic areas (Thiochoma – Sousaki, Fyriplaka – Milos. Nea Kameni – Santorini, Lakki plain – Nisyros). Measurements were made with a network of passive samplers positioned at about 1.5 m above the ground, which gave time-integrated values for periods ranging from days to weeks. Values ranged from 0.1 to 2050 ppb at Sousaki, from 0.8 to 33.8 ppb for Milos, from 0.1 to 5.1 ppb for Santorini and from 1.6 to 1240 ppb for Nisyros. At all the fumatolic areas concentrations decreased exponentially with increasing distances from the source. The highest values were recorded at distances of about 5-20 m from the fumarolic vents. The striking difference between the highest values measured at Sousaki and Nisyros with respect to Milos and Santorini depends on two main factors. The first factor is a higher H2S emission rate at the former two sites (stronger total gas emission and higher H2S concentrations). The second factor is the geomorphology of the same two sites that limits the gas exchange with the open atmosphere. In fact, while the fumarolic area of Sousaki is in a narrow ravine and that of Nisyros is within the calderic depression of the island, the fumarolic areas of Milos and Santorini are well exposed to free atmospheric circulation. Nevertheless also the highest measured concentrations, although disconfortable, does not have adverse effects on human health.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bari, Italy
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: Volcanic degassing ; Hydrogen sulphide ; passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic volatiles and aerosol emitted into the atmosphere ultimately fall on the Earth’s surface as wet or dry deposition, and they can influence the environment and the ecosystems at local and regional scales. Therefore, atmospheric deposition plays a key-role in the geochemical cycles, redistributing volcanogenic elements to the ground. For this reason, estimating the volcanogenic trace element fluxes from the atmosphere to the surface is necessary for a better knowledge of the environmental impact of the volcanic emissions. Nevertheless, from a literature review, we have recognized the scarcity of investigation on trace element deposition in the surroundings of active volcanoes. Here, we present a chemical characterization of bulk deposition around Mt. Etna, Italy, including both major and many trace elements. Bulk depositions were collected approximately fortnightly, from April 2006 to December 2007, using a network of five rain gauges, located at various altitudes on the upper flanks around the summit craters of the volcano. For most elements highest concentrations have been found close to the emission vent, confirming the prevailing volcanic contribution to rainwater composition close to the summit craters. Comparison with contemporaneously collected plume emissions shows that deposition processes produce no evident element-to-element fractionation. By contrast, comparison with whole rock composition indicates a contrasting behaviour between volatile elements, which are highly-enriched in rainwater, and refractory elements, which have low rainwater/whole rock concentration ratios. Chemical concentrations in bulk deposition were used to estimate the deposition rates of a large suite of elements. Deposition rates for volatile trace elements like Se, As, and Cd range from 1.7, 1.2 and 0.9 µg m-2 day-1 nearby to the summit vents, to 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 µg m-2 day-1 at the local background site on the upwind western sector.
    Description: Published
    Description: Davos, Switzerland
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: open
    Keywords: trace metals ; atmospheric deposition ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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