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  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (81)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, etc.
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 2015-2019  (43)
  • 2005-2009  (38)
  • 2019  (43)
  • 2008  (38)
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  • 2015-2019  (43)
  • 2005-2009  (38)
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  • 1
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    Properties of Rubble-Pile Asteroid (101955) Bennu from OSIRIS-REx Imaging and Thermal Analysis (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Establishing the abundance and physical properties of regolith and boulders on asteroids is crucial for understanding the formation and degradation mechanisms at work on their surfaces. Using images and thermal data from NASA's Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft, we show that asteroid (101955) Bennu's surface is globally rough, dense with boulders, and low in albedo. The number of boulders is surprising given Bennu's moderate thermal inertia, suggesting that simple models linking thermal inertia to particle size do not adequately capture the complexity relating these properties. At the same time, we find evidence for a wide range of particle sizes with distinct albedo characteristics. Our findings imply that ages of Bennu's surface particles span from the disruption of the asteroid's parent body (boulders) to recent in situ production (micrometre-scale particles).
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67770 , Nature Astronomy (e-ISSN 2397-3366); 3; 341–351
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  • 2
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    Episodes of Particle Ejection from the Surface of the Active Asteroid (101955) Bennu (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-04
    Description: Active asteroids are those that show evidence of ongoing mass loss. We report repeated instances of particle ejection from the surface of (101955) Bennu, demonstrating that it is an active asteroid. The ejection events were imaged by the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and SecurityRegolith Explorer) spacecraft. For the three largest observed events, we estimated the ejected particle velocities and sizes, event times, source regions, and energies. We also determined the trajectories and photometric properties of several gravitationally bound particles that orbited temporarily in the Bennu environment. We consider multiple hypotheses for the mechanisms that lead to particle ejection for the largest events, including rotational disruption, electrostatic lofting, ice sublimation, phyllosilicate dehydration, meteoroid impacts, thermal stress fracturing, and secondary impacts.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76455 , Science (ISSN 0036-8075) (e-ISSN 1095-9203); 366; 6470; eaay3544
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  • 3
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    Spectral Properties of Hydrated Poorly Crystalline Materials for Spectral Analysis of the Moon and Mars (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Visible/near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectra of both Mars [1] and the Moon [2] include hydration bands that vary across the planet and are not well explained in some cases. Poorly crystalline phases have been found at ~30-70 wt.% by CheMin in Gale crater, Mars in all samples measured to date [3]. Here we report on VNIR reflectance spectra of a large collection of amorphous and poorly crystalline materials. These include opal, allophane, imogolite, iron hydroxides/ oxyhydroxides (FeOx), and several synthetic materials containing Si, Al and/or Fe. All of these contain hydration bands due to water and OH that can be used to identify these materials remotely on planetary bodies.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN66032 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 4
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    The Sedimentary History of Mars as Observed by Rovers (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Mars has a sedimentary history that spans billions of years. Orbital images have allowed for the identification of vast regional sedimentary deposits that can be traced over 100s of kilometers and are 100s of meters thick including localized alluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine deposits. Detections of secondary minerals in these deposits from orbital spectroscopy suggest the aqueous history of early Mars varied as a function of space and time. Orbital observations, however, provide a simplified and incomplete picture of Mars sedimentary history because measurements for inferring sediment transport and deposition, such as lithology, grain size, and internal structures, and measurements for inferring sediment source and aqueous alteration, such as outcrop-scale mineralogic and geochemical composition and diagenetic features, cannot be identified from orbit. Rover observations have significantly enhanced our view of ancient and modern sedimentary environments on Mars, resulting in detailed reconstructions of paleo-environments and habitability.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: LPI Contrib. No. 2132 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66078 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 5
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    Isolation and Monitoring of Cleanroom-Associated Microbial Contaminates From Geological Collections (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Microbial contamination is of particular interest to geological curation as many microorganisms can change mineral composition and produce compounds used as biosignatures used for the detection of life. Microbial cells can change the mineral composition of rocks through organic acid production and direct enzymatic oxidation/reduction of transition metals. Enzymatic oxidation of iron and manganese can occur at a rate several orders of magnitude faster than under abiotic conditions and produce highly reactive nanoparticle- sized oxides that can react and sorb other metals and organic compounds. Many fungi can also produce organic acids that dissolve and chelate mineral matrices chemically reducing and dissolving rock surfaces. Finally, several common soil-associated bacteria and fungi produce secondary metabolites that contain unusual amino acid analogs and non-ribosomal peptides containing both L- and D- chirality used in characterizing carbonaceous chondrites and the detection of extraterrestrial life.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN65757 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2019 - Mar 22, 2019; Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 6
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    The CAESAR New Frontiers Mission: 1. Expected Nature of the Returned Comet Sample (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Comets are time capsules from the birth of our Solar System that record pre-solar history, the initial stages of planet formation, and the sources of prebiotic organics and volatiles for the origin of life. These capsules can only be opened in laboratories on Earth. CAESAR (Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return)s sample analysis objectives are to understand the nature of Solar System starting materials and how these components came together to form planets and give rise to life. Examination of these comet nucleus surface samples in laboratories around the world will also provide ground truth to remote observations of the innumerable icy bodies of the Solar System.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN64974 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2019); 18ý22 Mar. 2019; The Woodlands, Texas; United States
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  • 7
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    Space Shuttle MMOD Threat Mitigation Techniques (2008)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Prior to each shuttle mission, threat assessments are performed to determine the risk of critical penetration, payload bay door radiator tube leak and crew module window replacement from Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD). Mission parameters, such as vehicle attitude, exposure time and altitude are used as inputs for the analysis. Ballistic limit equations, based on hypervelocity impact testing of shuttle materials are used to estimate the critical particle diameters of the outer surfaces of the vehicle. The assessments are performed using the BUMPER computer code at the NASA/JSC Hypervelocity Impact Technology Facility (HITF). The most critical involves the calculation of Loss of Crew and Vehicle (LOCV) risk. An overview of significant MMOD impacts on the Payload Bay Door radiators, wing leading edge reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panels and crew module windows will be presented, along with a discussion of the techniques NASA has implemented to reduce the risk from MMOD impacts. This paper will describe on-orbit inspection of the RCC regions and the methods used discern hypervelocity impact damage. Impact damage contingency plans and on-orbit repair techniques will also be discussed. The wing leading edge impact detection system (WLEIDS) and it s role in the reduction of on-orbit risk reduction will be presented. Finally, an analysis of alternative shuttle flight attitudes on MMOD risk will be demonstrated.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 59th International Astronautical Congress; 29 Sep. ? 3 Oct. 2008; Glasgow; United Kingdom
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  • 8
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    Global Geologic Mapping of Io: Preliminary Results (2008)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: A new global geologic map of Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io is being prepared, with the focus being on completion of a draft map by July 2008. Here initial results of the mapping are reported: a preliminary distribution of material units in terms of areas and a visual representation. Additionally, the mapping hopes to address some of the problems in Io geology. Thus far it has been discovered that Io's surface is dominated by plains material, thought to consist of Io's silicate crust covered by pyroclastic deposits and lava flows of silicate and sulfur-bearing composition. Many plains areas contain flow fields that cannot be mapped separately due to a lack of resolution or modification by alteration processes. Discrete lava flows and flow fields are the next most abundant unit, with bright (sulfur?) flows in greater abundance than dark (silicate?) flows. The source of most of Io's heat flow, the paterae, are the least abundant unit in terms of areal extent.Upon completion of the draft map for peer review, it will be used to investigate several specific questions about the geological evolution of Io that previously could not be well addressed, including: comparison of the areas versus the heights of Ionian mountains to assess their stability and evolution; correlation and comparison of Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer and Photopolarimeter-Radiometer hot spot locations with the mapped location of dark versus bright lava flows and patera floors to assess any variations in the types of sources for Io's active volcanism; and the creation of a global inventory of the areal coverage of dark and bright laval flows to assess the relative importance of sulfur versus silicate volcanism in resurfacing Io, and to assess whether there are regional concentrations of either style of volcanism that may have implications on interior processes.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of Planetary Geologic Mappers, Flagstaff, AZ, 2008; NASA/CP-2008-215469
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  • 9
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    Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (Vapor) on the Moon using Mass Spectrometry (2008)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The identification of lunar resources such as water is a fundamental component of the the NASA Vision for Space Exploration. The Lunar Prospector mission detected high concentrations of hydrogen at the lunar poles that may indicate the presence of water or other volatiles in the lunar regolith [1]. One explanation for the presence of enhanced hydrogen in permanently shadowed crater regions is long term trapping of water-ice delivered by comets, asteroids, and other meteoritic material that have bombarded the Moon over the last 4 billion years [2]. It is also possible that the hydrogen signal at the lunar poles is due to hydrogen implanted by the solar wind which is delayed from diffusing out of the regolith by the cold temperatures [3]. Previous measurements of the lunar atmosphere by the LACE experiment on Apollo 17, suggested the presence of cold trapped vola'tiles that were expelled by solar heating [4]. In situ composition and isotopic analyses of the lunar regolith will be required to establish the abundance, origin, and distribution of water-ice and other volatiles at the lunar poles. Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) on the Moon using mass spectrometry is one technique that should be considered. The VAPoR pyrolysis-mass spectrometer (pyr-MS) instrument concept study was selected for funding in 2007 by the NASA Lunar Sortie Science Opportunities (LSSO) Program. VAPoR is a miniature version of the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite currently being developed at NASA Goddard for the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory mission (Fig. 1).
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
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  • 10
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    Preliminary Examination of the Interstellar Collector of Stardust (2008)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The findings of the Stardust spacecraft mission returned to earth in January 2006 are discussed. The spacecraft returned two unprecedented and independent extraterrestrial samples: the first sample of a comet and the first samples of contemporary interstellar dust. An important lesson from the cometary Preliminary Examination (PE) was that the Stardust cometary samples in aerogel presented a technical challenge. Captured particles often separate into multiple fragments, intimately mix with aerogel and are typically buried hundreds of microns to millimeters deep in the aerogel collectors. The interstellar dust samples are likely much more challenging since they are expected to be orders of magnitudes smaller in mass, and their fluence is two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the cometary particles. The goal of the Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination (ISPE) is to answer several broad questions, including: which features in the interstellar collector aerogel were generated by hypervelocity impact and how much morphological and trajectory information may be gained?; how well resolved are the trajectories of probable interstellar particles from those of interplanetary origin?; and, by comparison to impacts by known particle dimensions in laboratory experiments, what was the mass distribution of the impacting particles? To answer these questions, and others, non-destructive, sequential, non-invasive analyses of interstellar dust candidates extracted from the Stardust interstellar tray will be performed. The total duration of the ISPE will be three years and will differ from the Stardust cometary PE in that data acquisition for the initial characterization stage will be prolonged and will continue simultaneously and parallel with data publications and release of the first samples for further investigation.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 10, 2008 - Mar 14, 2008; League City, TX; United States
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