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  • Annual Reviews
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 2000-2004  (88)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1955-1959
  • 2004  (88)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPTICALLY DETECTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF COLLOIDAL SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 55 (2004), S. 509-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The review describes the studies of the magneto-optical properties of II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) capped with organic or inorganic epitaxial shells. The investigations focused on the chemical identification of localization sites (core, shell, or interface) of photogenerated carriers in spherical NCs and elucidated the influence of the surface/interface quality on the optical properties of the materials. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy was used for the study of the proposed physical properties. The ODMR method provides the means to identify the surface/interface sites and correlate them with specific optical transition. In addition, this method reveals information about the spin multiplicity of band edge and trapped states and the electron-hole exchange interaction, determines the spectroscopic g-factors, distinguishes between the radiative and nonradiative characteristic of a trapping site, and evaluates the spin-lattice relaxation times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.091602.094359
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  • 2
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    OPTICALLY DETECTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF COLLOIDAL SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS (2004)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  The review describes the studies of the magneto-optical properties of II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) capped with organic or inorganic epitaxial shells. The investigations focused on the chemical identification of localization sites (core, shell, or interface) of photogenerated carriers in spherical NCs and elucidated the influence of the surface/interface quality on the optical properties of the materials. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy was used for the study of the proposed physical properties. The ODMR method provides the means to identify the surface/interface sites and correlate them with specific optical transition. In addition, this method reveals information about the spin multiplicity of band edge and trapped states and the electron-hole exchange interaction, determines the spectroscopic g-factors, distinguishes between the radiative and nonradiative characteristic of a trapping site, and evaluates the spin-lattice relaxation times.
    Print ISSN: 0066-426X
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-1593
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    rRNA TRANSCRIPTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 38 (2004), S. 749-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ribosomal RNA transcription is the rate-limiting step in ribosome synthesis in bacteria and has been investigated intensely for over half a century. Multiple mechanisms ensure that rRNA synthesis rates are appropriate for the cell's particular growth condition. Recently, important advances have been made in our understanding of rRNA transcription initiation in Escherichia coli. These include (a) a model at the atomic level of the network of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions that recruit RNA polymerase to rRNA promoters, accounting for their extraordinary strength; (b) discovery of the nonredundant roles of two small molecule effectors, ppGpp and the initiating NTP, in regulation of rRNA transcription initiation; and (c) identification of a new component of the transcription machinery, DksA, that is absolutely required for regulation of rRNA promoter activity. Together, these advances provide clues important for our molecular understanding not only of rRNA transcription, but also of transcription in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091347
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE BUDDING YEAST SPINDLE POLE BODY: Structure, Duplication, and Function (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 (2004), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nucleation of microtubules by eukaryotic microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) is required for a variety of functions, including chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis, cytokinesis, fertilization, cellular morphogenesis, cell motility, and intracellular trafficking. Analysis of MTOCs from different organisms shows that the structure of these organelles is widely varied even though they all share the function of microtubule nucleation. Despite their morphological diversity, many components and regulators of MTOCs, as well as principles in their assembly, seem to be conserved. This review focuses on one of the best-characterized MTOCs, the budding yeast spindle pole body (SPB). We review what is known about its structure, protein composition, duplication, regulation, and functions. In addition, we discuss how studies of the yeast SPB have aided investigation of other MTOCs, most notably the centrosome of animal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.022003.114106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEX (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 (2004), S. 525-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein lattice that resembles railroad tracks and connects paired homologous chromosomes in most meiotic systems. The two side rails of the SC, known as lateral elements (LEs), are connected by proteins known as transverse filaments. The LEs are derived from the axial elements of the chromosomes and play important roles in chromosome condensation, pairing, transverse filament assembly, and prohibiting double-strand breaks (DSBs) from entering into recombination pathways that involve sister chromatids. The proteins that make up the transverse filaments of the SC also play a much earlier role in committing a subset of DSBs into a recombination pathway, which results in the production of reciprocal meiotic crossovers. Sites of crossover commitment can be observed as locations where the SC initiates and as immunostaining foci for a set of proteins required for the processing of DSBs to mature crossovers. In most (but not all) organisms it is the establishment of sites marking such crossover-committed DSBs that facilitates completion of synapsis (full-length extension of the SC). The function of the mature full-length SC may involve both the completion of meiotic recombination at the DNA level and the exchange of the axial elements of the two chromatids involved in the crossover. However, the demonstration that the sites of crossover formation are designated prior to SC formation, and the finding that these sites display interference, argues against a role of the mature SC in mediating the process of interference. Finally, in at least some organisms, modifications of the SC alone are sufficient to ensure meiotic chromosome segregation in the complete absence of meiotic recombination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.155141
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHEMOATTRACTANT SIGNALING IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 (2004), S. 223-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dictyostelium is an accessible organism for studies of signaling via chemoattractant receptors. Chemoattractant-mediated signaling events and components are reviewed and presented as a series of connected modules, including excitation, inhibition, G protein-independent responses, early gene expression, inositol lipids, PH domain-containing proteins, cyclic AMP signaling, polarization acquisition, actin polymerization, and cortical myosin. The network incorporates information from biochemical, genetic, and cell biological experiments carried out on living cells. The modules and connections represent current understanding, and future information is expected to modify and build upon this structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.011303.132633
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Corepressors in Transcriptional Regulation by Nuclear Hormone Receptors (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 315-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Nuclear receptors (also known as nuclear hormone receptors) are hormone-regulated transcription factors that control many important physiological and developmental processes in animals and humans. Defects in receptor function result in disease. The diverse biological roles of these receptors reflect their surprisingly versatile transcriptional properties, with many receptors possessing the ability to both repress and activate target gene expression. These bipolar transcriptional properties are mediated through the interactions of the receptors with two distinct classes of auxiliary proteins: corepressors and coactivators. This review focuses on how corepressors work together with nuclear receptors to repress gene transcription in the normal organism and on the aberrations in this process that lead to neoplasia and endocrine disorders. The actions of coactivators and the contributions of the same corepressors to the functions of nonreceptor transcription factors are also touched on.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032802.155556
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myosin-1c, the Hair Cell's Adaptation Motor (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 66 (2004), S. 521-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Given their prominent actin-rich subcellular specializations, it is no surprise that mechanosensitive hair cells of the inner ear exploit myosin molecules-the only known actin-dependent molecular motors-to carry out exotic but essential tasks. Recent experiments have confirmed that an unconventional myosin isozyme, myosin-1c, is a component of the hair cell's adaptation-motor complex. This complex carries out slow adaptation, provides tension to sensitize transduction channels, and may participate in assembly of the transduction apparatus. This review focuses on the detailed operation of the adaptation motor and the functional consequences of the incorporation of this specific myosin isozyme into the motor complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.112842
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CEREBELLUM-DEPENDENT LEARNING: The Role of Multiple Plasticity Mechanisms (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 581-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cerebellum is an evolutionarily conserved structure critical for motor learning in vertebrates. The model that has influenced much of the work in the field for the past 30 years suggests that motor learning is mediated by a single plasticity mechanism in the cerebellum: long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. However, recent studies of simple behaviors such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) indicate that multiple plasticity mechanisms contribute to cerebellum-dependent learning. Multiple plasticity mechanisms may provide the flexibility required to store memories over different timescales, regulate the dynamics of movement, and allow bidirectional changes in movement amplitude. These plasticity mechanisms must act in combination with appropriate information-coding strategies to equip motor-learning systems with the ability to express learning in correct contexts. Studies of the patterns of generalization of motor learning in the VOR provide insight about the coding of information in neurons at sites of plasticity. These principles emerging from studies of the VOR are consistent with results concerning more complex behaviors and thus may reflect general principles of cerebellar function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144238
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTEOMICS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 5 (2004), S. 267-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1527-8204
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The genome sequences of important model systems are available and the focus is now shifting to large-scale experiments enabled by this data. Following in the footsteps of genomics, we have functional genomics, proteomics, and even metabolomics, roughly paralleling the biological hierarchy of the transcription, translation, and production of small molecules. Proteomics is initially concerned with determining the structure, expression, localization, biochemical activity, interactions, and cellular roles of as many proteins as possible. There has been great progress owing to novel instrumentation, experimental strategies, and bioinformatics methods. The area of protein-protein interactions has been especially fruitful. First pass interaction maps of some model organisms exist, and the proteins in many important organelles are about to be determined. Researchers are also beginning to integrate large-scale data sets from various "omics" disciplines in targeted investigations of specific biomedical areas and in pursuit of a general framework for systems biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110305
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