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  • 1
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    Lessons learned about spaceflight and cell biology experiments (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Conducting cell biology experiments in microgravity can be among the most technically challenging events in a biologist's life. Conflicting events of spaceflight include waiting to get manifested, delays in manifest schedules, training astronauts to not shake your cultures and to add reagents slowly, as shaking or quick injection can activate signaling cascades and give you erroneous results. It is important to select good hardware that is reliable. Possible conflicting environments in flight include g-force and vibration of launch, exposure of cells to microgravity for extended periods until hardware is turned on, changes in cabin gases and cosmic radiation. One should have an on-board 1-g control centrifuge in order to eliminate environmental differences. Other obstacles include getting your funding in a timely manner (it is not uncommon for two to three years to pass between notification of grant approval for funding and actually getting funded). That said, it is important to note that microgravity research is worthwhile since all terrestrial life evolved in a gravity field and secrets of biological function may only be answered by removing the constant of gravity. Finally, spaceflight experiments are rewarding and worth your effort and patience.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of gravitational physiology : a journal of the International Society for Gravitational Physiology (ISSN 1077-9248); Volume 11; 1; 105-9
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  • 2
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    Deflections in Lava Flow Directions Relative to Topography in the Tharsis Region of Mars: Indications of Post-Flow Tectonic Motion (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: High-resolution topographic data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), and imagery from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) allow for the first accurate assessment of lava flow directions relative to topographic slopes in the Tharsis region. Tharisis has long been recognized as the dominant tectonic and volcanic province on the planet, with a complex geologic history. In this study, lava flow directions on Daedalia Planum, Syria Planum, Tempe Terra, and near the Tharsis Montes are compared with MOLA topographic contours to look for deviations of flow directions from the local slope direction. The topographic deviations identified in this study are likely due to Tharsis tectonic deformation that has modified the regional topography subsequent to the emplacement of the flows, and can be used to model the mechanisms and magnitudes of relatively recent tectonism in the region. A similar approach was used to identify possible post-flow tectonic subsidence on the Snake River Plain in Idaho.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Second Conference on Early Mars: Geologic, Hydrologic, and Climatic Evolution and the Implications for Life; LPI-Contrib-1211
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  • 3
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    Deflections in Lava Flow Directions Relative to Topography in the Tharsis Region: Indicators of Post-Flow Tectonic Motion (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: High-resolution topographic data for Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), and imagery from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) allow for the first accurate assessment of lava flow directions relative to topographic slopes in the Tharsis region. Tharisis has long been recognized as the dominant tectonic and volcanic province on the planet, with a complex geologic history. In this study, lava flow directions on Daedalia Planum, Syria Planum, Tempe Terra, and near the Tharsis Montes are compared with MOLA topographic contours to look for deviations of flow directions from the local slope direction. The topographic deviations identified in this study are likely due to Tharsis tectonic deformation that has modified the regional topography subsequent to the emplacement of the flows, and can be used to model the mechanisms and magnitudes of relatively recent tectonism in the region. A similar approach was used to identify possible postflow tectonic subsidence on the Snake River Plain in Idaho.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Mars Volcanology and Tectonics; LPI-Contrib-1197
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  • 4
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    Field and Geochemical Study of Table Legs Butte and Quaking Aspen Butte, Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: An Analog to the Morphology of Small Shield Volcanoes on Mars (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data allows insight to Martian features in great detail, revealing numerous small shields in the Tempe region, consisting of low profiles and a prominent summit caps . Terrestrial examples of this shield morphology are found on the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), Idaho. This plains-style volcanism [2] allows an analog to Martian volcanism based on topographic manifestations of volcanic processes . Recent studies link the slope and morphology of Martian volcanoes to eruptive process and style . The ESRP, a 400km long, 100km wide depression, is host to hundreds of tholeiitic basalt shields, which have low-profiles built up over short eruptive periods of a few months or years . Many of these smaller scale shields (basal diameters rarely exceed 5km) display morphology similar to the volcanoes in the Tempe region of Mars . Morphological variations within these tholeiitic shields are beautifully illustrated in their profiles.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Mars Volcanology and Tectonics; LPI-Contrib-1197
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  • 5
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    Topographic Evidence for Eruptive Style Changes and Magma Evolution of Small Plains-style Volcanoes on Earth and Mars (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Topographic profiles and surface characteristics of small (5 - 25 km diameter) plains-style shield volcanoes on the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) provide a method to evaluate eruptive processes and magmatic evolution on Martian volcanic plains. The ESRP is an ideal place to observe Mars-like volcanic features where hundreds of small monogenetic basaltic shields dominate the volcanic-sedimentary depositional sequence, and numerous planetary analogues are evident: coalescent mafic shields, hydromagmatic explosive eruptions, the interaction of lava flows with surficial water and glacial ice, and abundant eolian sand and loess. Single flows cannot be correlated over great distances, and are spatially restricted. These relations are useful for planetary exploration when inferring volcanic evolutionary patterns in lava plains represented by numerous eruptive vents. High spatial resolution imagery and digital topographic data for Mars from MOC, MOLA, and THEMIS is allowing for improvements in the level of detail of stratigraphic mapping of fields of small (〈 25 km in diameter) volcanoes as well as studies of the morphological characteristics of individual volcanoes. In order to compare Mars and Earth volcanic features, elevation data from U.S.G.S. 10-meter digital elevation models (DEMs) and high-precision GPS field measurements are used in this study to generate approx. 20m spacing topographic profiles from which slope and surface morphology can be extracted. Average ESRP flank and crater slopes are calculated using 100 - 200 m spacing for optimum comparison to MOLA data, and to reduce the effects of surface irregularities.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Mars Tectonism and Volcanism; LPI-Contrib-1197
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  • 6
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    A Direct Approach for Minimum Fuel Maneuvers of Distributed Spacecraft in Multiple Flight Regimes (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: In this work we present a method to solve the impulsive minimum fuel maneuver problem for a distributed set of spacecraft. We develop the method assuming a fully non-linear dynamics model and parameterize the problem to allow the method to be applicable to any flight regime. Furthermore, the approach is not limited by the inter-spacecraft separation distances and is applicable to both small formations as well as constellations. We assume that the desired relative motion is driven by mission requirements and has been determined a-priori. The goal of this work is to develop a technique to achieve the desired relative motion in a minimum fuel manner. To permit applicability to multiple flight regimes, we have chosen to parameterize the cost function in terms of the maneuver times expressed in a useful time system and the maneuver locations expressed in their Cartesian vector representations. We also include as an independent variable the initial reference orbit to solve for the optimal injection orbit to minimize and equalize the fuel expenditure of distributed sets of spacecraft with large inter-spacecraft separations. In this work we derive the derivatives of the cost and constraints with respect to all of the independent variables.
    Keywords: Astrodynamics
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    An Overview of the NIRA 2003 Vibratory Analysis (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of GRC's recently completed "NIRA (Non-Isolated Rack Assessment) 2003" analysis are reported. The NIRA 2003 analysis is a major deliverable that predicts the microgravity environment for non-isolated rack and external payloads for the entire ISS. The results are used by both US and international partners to evaluate their scientific experiments under this predicted low-level vibration environment. This presentation provides insight as to how specific disturbers in the JAXA ISS modules affect the other ISS modules and how the rest of the ISS affects the JAXA ISS modules.
    Keywords: Space Processing
    Type: JAXA/NASAnternation Space Station (ISS)Microgravity TIM; Mar 01, 2004 - Mar 04, 2004; Tsukuba; Japan
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  • 8
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    A General Overview of the Data Acquisition and Controls Systems (DACS) of the E-Complex at NASA's Stennis Space Center (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The John C. Stennis Space Center (SSC) provides test operations services to a variety of customers, including NASA, DoD, and commercial enterprises for the development of current and next-generation rocket propulsion systems. Many of these testing services are provided in the E-Complex test facilities composed of three active test stands (E1, E2, & E3) and 7 total test positions. Each test position is outfitted with unique sets of data acquisition and controls hardware and software that record both facility and test article data and enable safe operation of the test facility. This paper addresses each system in more detail including efforts to upgrade hardware and software.
    Keywords: Computer Systems
    Type: SSTI-2003-10-00099 , AIAA Paper 2004-2489 , AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference; Jun 28, 2004 - Jul 01, 2004; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 9
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    Multiwavelength Observations of Strong Flares from the TeV Blazar 1ES 1959+650 (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Following the detection of strong TeV gamma ray flares from the BL Lac object 1 ES 1959+650 with the Whipple 10 m Cerenkov telescope on 2002 May 16 and 17, we performed intensive target of opportunity radio, optical, X-ray, and TeV ?ray observations from 2002 May 18 to August 14. Observations with the X-ray telescope RossiX-Ray Timing Explorer and the Whipple and HEGRA gamma-ray telescopes revealed several strong flares, enabling us to sensitively test the X-ray--gamma-ray flux correlation properties. Although the X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes seemed to be correlated in general, we found an orphan gamma-ray flare that was not accompanied by an X-ray flare. While we detected optical flux variability with the Boltwood and Abastumani observatories, the data did not give evidence for a correlation of the optical flux variability with the observed X-ray and 7-ray flares. Within statistical errors of about 0.03 Jy at 14.5 GHz and 0.05 Jy at 4.8 GHz, the radio fluxes measured with the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory stayed constant throughout the campaign; the mean values agreed well with the values measured on 2002 May 7 and June 7 at 4.9 and 15 GHz with the Very Large Array and at 4.8 GHz with archival flux measurements. After describing in detail the radio, optical, X-ray and gamma-ray light curves, and spectral energy distributions (SEDs), we present initial modeling of the SED with a simple synchrotron self- Compton model. With the addition of another TeV blazar with good broadband data, we consider the set of all TeV blazars, to begin to look for a connection of the jet properties to the properties of the central accreting black hole thought to drive the jet. Remarkably, the temporal and special X-ray and gamma-ray emission characteristics of TeV blazars are very similar, even though the mass estimates of their central black holes differ by up to 1 order of magnitude.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal; 601; 151-164
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  • 10
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    Analyzing Dynamics of Cooperating Spacecraft (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A software library has been developed to enable high-fidelity computational simulation of the dynamics of multiple spacecraft distributed over a region of outer space and acting with a common purpose. All of the modeling capabilities afforded by this software are available independently in other, separate software systems, but have not previously been brought together in a single system. A user can choose among several dynamical models, many high-fidelity environment models, and several numerical-integration schemes. The user can select whether to use models that assume weak coupling between spacecraft, or strong coupling in the case of feedback control or tethering of spacecraft to each other. For weak coupling, spacecraft orbits are propagated independently, and are synchronized in time by controlling the step size of the integration. For strong coupling, the orbits are integrated simultaneously. Among the integration schemes that the user can choose are Runge-Kutta Verner, Prince-Dormand, Adams-Bashforth-Moulton, and Bulirsh- Stoer. Comparisons of performance are included for both the weak- and strongcoupling dynamical models for all of the numerical integrators.
    Keywords: Space Communications, Spacecraft Communications, Command and Tracking
    Type: GSC-14735-1 , NASA Tech Briefs, June 2004; 15
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