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  • Aerospace Medicine  (2)
  • Air Transportation and Safety  (2)
  • Computer Systems  (2)
  • *Conservation of Natural Resources  (1)
  • 2000-2004  (7)
  • 1960-1964
  • 2003  (7)
  • 1
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    Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, T P -- Baird, A H -- Bellwood, D R -- Card, M -- Connolly, S R -- Folke, C -- Grosberg, R -- Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Jackson, J B C -- Kleypas, J -- Lough, J M -- Marshall, P -- Nystrom, M -- Palumbi, S R -- Pandolfi, J M -- Rosen, B -- Roughgarden, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):929-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. terry.hughes@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Deploying Object Oriented Data Technology to the Planetary Data System (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: How do you provide more than 350 scientists and researchers access to data from every instrument in Odyssey when the data is curated across half a dozen institutions and in different formats and is too big to mail on a CD-ROM anymore? The Planetary Data System (PDS) faced this exact question. The solution was to use a metadata-based middleware framework developed by the Object Oriented Data Technology task at NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Using OODT, PDS provided - for the first time ever - data from all mission instruments through a single system immediately upon data delivery.
    Keywords: Computer Systems
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV; LPI-Contrib-1156
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Terrain Portrayal for Head-Down Displays Flight Test (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Synthetic Vision Systems General Aviation (SVS-GA) element of NASA's Aviation Safety Program is developing technology to eliminate low visibility induced General Aviation (GA) accidents through the application of synthetic vision techniques. SVS displays present computer generated 3-dimensional imagery of the surrounding terrain to greatly enhance pilot's situation awareness (SA), reducing or eliminating Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT), as well as Low-Visibility Loss of Control (LVLOC) accidents. In addition to substantial safety benefits, SVS displays have many potential operational benefits that can lead to flight in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) resembling those conducted in visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Potential benefits could include lower landing minimums, more approach options, reduced training time, etc. SVS conducted research will develop display concepts providing the pilot with an unobstructed view of the outside terrain, regardless of weather conditions and time of day. A critical component of SVS displays is the appropriate presentation of terrain to the pilot. The relationship between the realism of the terrain presentation and resulting enhancements of pilot SA and pilot performance has been largely undefined. Comprised of coordinated simulation and flight test efforts, the terrain portrayal for head-down displays (TP-HDD) test series examined the effects of two primary elements of terrain portrayal: variations of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution and terrain texturing. Variations in DEM resolution ranged from sparsely spaced (30 arc-sec/2,953ft) to very closely spaced data (1 arc-sec/98 ft). Variations in texture involved three primary methods: constant color, elevation-based generic, and photo-realistic, along with a secondary depth cue enhancer in the form of a fishnet grid overlay. The TP-HDD test series was designed to provide comprehensive data to enable design trades to optimize all SVS applications, as well as develop requirements and recommendations to facilitate the implementation and certification of SVS displays. The TP-HDD flight experiment utilized the NASA LaRC Cessna 206 Stationaire and evaluated eight terrain portrayal concepts in an effort to confirm and extend results from the previously conducted TP-HDD simulation experiment. A total of 15 evaluation pilots, of various qualifications, accumulated over 75 hours of dedicated research flight time at Newport News (PHF) and Roanoke (ROA), VA, airports from August through October, 2002. This report will present results from the portion of testing conducted at Roanoke, VA.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference; Oct 12, 2003 - Oct 16, 2003; Indianapolis, IN; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Synthetic Vision CFIT Experiments for GA and Commercial Aircraft: "A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Lives" (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Because restricted visibility has been implicated in the majority of commercial and general aviation accidents, solutions will need to focus on how to enhance safety during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The NASA Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) project is developing technologies to help achieve these goals through the synthetic presentation of how the outside world would look to the pilot if vision were not reduced. The potential safety outcome would be a significant reduction in several accident categories, such as controlled-flight-into-terrain (CFIT), that have restricted visibility as a causal factor. The paper describes two experiments that demonstrated the efficacy of synthetic vision technology to prevent CFIT accidents for both general aviation and commercial aircraft.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: 47th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Meeting; Oct 13, 2003 - Oct 17, 2003; Denver, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    A Distributed Data Architecture for 2001 Mars Odyssey Data Distribution (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Newer instruments and communications techniques have given scientists unprecedented amounts of data, more than can be feasibly distributed through traditional methods such as mailed CD-ROM's. Leveraging the web makes sense since it enables scientists to request specific data and retrieve products as soon as they're available. Yet defining the middleware system to support such an application has remained just out of reach, until Odyssey. For the first time ever, data from all Odyssey mission instruments were made available through a single system immediately upon delivery to the Planetary Data System (PDS). The Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) software made such an application possible.
    Keywords: Computer Systems
    Type: International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology; Jul 13, 2003 - Jul 16, 2003; Pasadena, CA; United States
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Performance During Space Shuttle Missions (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: Sleep and circadian rhythms may be disturbed during spaceflight, and these disturbances can affect crewmembers' performance during waking hours. The mechanisms underlying sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in space are not well understood, and effective countermeasures are not yet available. We investigated sleep, circadian rhythms, cognitive performance, and light-dark cycles in five astronauts prior to, during, and after the 16-day STS-90 mission and the IO-day STS-95 mission. The efficacy of low-dose, alternative-night, oral melatonin administration as a countermeasure for sleep disturbances was evaluated. During these missions, scheduled rest activity cycles were 20-35 minutes shorter than 24 hours. Light levels on the middeck and in the Spacelab were very low; whereas on the flight deck (which has several windows), they were highly variable. Circadian rhythm abnormalities were observed. During the second half of the missions, the rhythm of urinary cortisol appeared to be delayed relative to the sleep-wake schedule. Performance during wakefulness was impaired. Astronauts slept only about 6.5 hours per day, and subjective sleep quality was lower in space. No beneficial effects of melatonin (0.3 mg administered prior to sleep episodes on alternate nights) were observed. A surprising finding was a marked increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep upon return to Earth. We conclude that these Space Shuttle missions were associated with circadian rhythm disturbances, sleep loss, decrements in neurobehavioral performance, and alterations in REM sleep homeostasis. Shorter than 24-hour rest-activity schedules and exposure to light-dark cycles inadequate for optimal circadian synchronization may have contributed to these disturbances.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: The Neurolab Spacelab Mission: Neuroscience Research in Space Results from the STS-90, Neurolab Spacelab Mission; 211-221; NASA/SP-2003-535
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    An Independent Human Factors Analysis and Evaluation of the Emergency Medical Protocol Checklist for the International Space Station (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Emergency medical capabilities aboard the ISS include a Crew Medical Officer (CMO) (not necessarily a physician), and back-up, resuscitation equipment, and a medical checklist. It is essential that CMOs have reliable, usable and informative medical protocols that can be carried out independently in flight. The study evaluates the existing ISS Medical Checklist layout against a checklist updated to reflect a human factors approach to structure and organization. Method: The ISS Medical checklist was divided into non-emergency and emergency sections, and re-organized based on alphabetical and a body systems approach. A desk-top evaluation examined the ability of subjects to navigate to specific medical problems identified as representative of likely non-emergency events. A second evaluation aims to focus on the emergency section of the Medical Checklist, based on the preliminary findings of the first. The final evaluation will use Astronaut CMOs as subjects comparing the original checklist against the updated layout in the task of caring for a "downed crewmember" using a Human Patient Simulator [Medical Education Technologies, Inc.]. Results: Initial results have demonstrated a clear improvement of the re-organized sections to determine the solution to the medical problems. There was no distinct advantage for either alternative, although subjects stated having a preference for the body systems approach. In the second evaluation, subjects will be asked to identify emergency medical conditions, with measures including correct diagnosis, time to completion and solution strategy. The third evaluation will compare the original and fully updated checklists in clinical situations. Conclusions: Initial findings indicate that the ISS Medical Checklist will benefit from a reorganization. The present structure of the checklist has evolved over recent years without systematic testing of crewmember ability to diagnose medical problems. The improvements are expected to enable ISS Crewmembers to more speedily and accurately respond to medical situations on the ISS.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: JSC-CN-7823 , Aerospace Medicine 2003; May 04, 2003 - May 08, 2003; San Antonio, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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