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  • 1
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    Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Degradation of coral reef ecosystems began centuries ago, but there is no global summary of the magnitude of change. We compiled records, extending back thousands of years, of the status and trends of seven major guilds of carnivores, herbivores, and architectural species from 14 regions. Large animals declined before small animals and architectural species, and Atlantic reefs declined before reefs in the Red Sea and Australia, but the trajectories of decline were markedly similar worldwide. All reefs were substantially degraded long before outbreaks of coral disease and bleaching. Regardless of these new threats, reefs will not survive without immediate protection from human exploitation over large spatial scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Bradbury, Roger H -- Sala, Enric -- Hughes, Terence P -- Bjorndal, Karen A -- Cooke, Richard G -- McArdle, Deborah -- McClenachan, Loren -- Newman, Marah J H -- Paredes, Gustavo -- Warner, Robert R -- Jackson, Jeremy B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):955-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. pandolfi.john@nmnh.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Culture ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, T P -- Baird, A H -- Bellwood, D R -- Card, M -- Connolly, S R -- Folke, C -- Grosberg, R -- Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Jackson, J B C -- Kleypas, J -- Lough, J M -- Marshall, P -- Nystrom, M -- Palumbi, S R -- Pandolfi, J M -- Rosen, B -- Roughgarden, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):929-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. terry.hughes@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Steady and Unsteady Flow Field Measurements Within a NASA 22-Inch Fan Model (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented of an experiment conducted to investigate possible sources of fan noise in the flow developed by a 22-in. (55.9 cm) diameter turbofan model. Flow diagnostic data were acquired to identify possible sources of both tone and broadband noise. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to characterize the tip flows that develop within the rotor blade passages, the wake flow downstream of the rotor, and the shock waves that develop on the blades when operated at transonic relative tip speeds. Single-point hot-wire measurements were made in the rotor wake to determine the frequency content and the length scales of the flow unsteadiness. The results document the changes in the rotor wake flow with both rotor speed and axial distance downstream of the rotor. The data also show the tip flow development within the blade passage, its migration downstream, and (at high rotor speeds) its merging with the blade wake of the following blade. Data also depict the variation of the tip flow with tip clearance. LDV data obtained within the blade passages at high rotor speeds illustrate the passage-to-passage variation of the mean shock position. Spectra computed from the single-point hot-wire measurements illustrate how the energy in the flow oscillations is split between periodic and random components, and how this split varies with both radial and axial position in the rotor wake.
    Keywords: Aeronautics (General)
    Type: NASA/TM-2003-212329 , NAS 1.15:212329 , E-13924 , AIAA Paper 2002-1033 , 40th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit; Jan 14, 2003 - Jan 17, 2003; Reno, NV; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Fan Noise Source Diagnostic Test: LDV Measured Flow Field Results (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented of an experiment conducted to investigate potential sources of noise in the flow developed by two 22-in. diameter turbofan models. The R4 and M5 rotors that were tested were designed to operate at nominal take-off speeds of 12,657 and 14,064 RPMC, respectively. Both fans were tested with a common set of swept stators installed downstream of the rotors. Detailed measurements of the flows generated by the two were made using a laser Doppler velocimeter system. The wake flows generated by the two rotors are illustrated through a series of contour plots. These show that the two wake flows are quite different, especially in the tip region. These data are used to explain some of the differences in the rotor/stator interaction noise generated by the two fan stages. In addition to these wake data, measurements were also made in the R4 rotor blade passages. These results illustrate the tip flow development within the blade passages, its migration downstream, and (at high rotor speeds) its merging with the blade wake of the adjacent (following) blade. Data also depict the variation of this tip flow with tip clearance. Data obtained within the rotor blade passages at high rotational speeds illustrate the variation of the mean shock position across the different blade passages.
    Keywords: Aeronautics (General)
    Type: NASA/TM-2003-212330 , E-13925 , NAS 1.15:212330 , AIAA Paper 2002-2431 , Eight Aeroacoustics Conference; Jun 17, 2002 - Jun 19, 2002; Breckenridge, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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