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  • 1
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    Cell-wall architecture and lignin composition of wheat developed in a microgravity environment (2001)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9422
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3700
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Elsevier
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Cell-wall architecture and lignin composition of wheat developed in a microgravity environment (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The microgravity environment encountered during space-flight has long been considered to affect plant growth and developmental processes, including cell wall biopolymer composition and content. As a prelude to studying how microgravity is perceived - and acted upon - by plants, it was first instructive to investigate what gross effects on plant growth and development occurred in microgravity. Thus, wheat seedlings were exposed to microgravity on board the space shuttle Discovery (STS-51) for a 10 day duration, and these specimens were compared with their counterparts grown on Earth under the same conditions (e.g. controls). First, the primary roots of the wheat that developed under both microgravity and 1 g on Earth were examined to assess the role of gravity on cellulose microfibril (CMF) organization and secondary wall thickening patterns. Using a quick freeze/deep etch technique, this revealed that the cell wall CMFs of the space-grown wheat maintained the same organization as their 1 g-grown counterparts. That is, in all instances, CMFs were randomly interwoven with each other in the outermost layers (farthest removed from the plasma membrane), and parallel to each other within the individual strata immediately adjacent to the plasma membranes. The CMF angle in the innermost stratum relative to the immediately adjacent stratum was ca 80 degrees in both the space and Earth-grown plants. Second, all plants grown in microgravity had roots that grew downwards into the agar; they did not display "wandering" and upward growth as previously reported by others. Third, the space-grown wheat also developed normal protoxylem and metaxylem vessel elements with secondary thickening patterns ranging from spiral to regular pit to reticulate thickenings. Fourthly, both the space- and Earth-grown plants were essentially of the same size and height, and their lignin analyses revealed no substantial differences in their amounts and composition regardless of the gravitational field experienced, i.e. for the purposes of this study, all plants were essentially identical. These results suggest that the microgravity environment itself at best only slightly affected either cell wall biopolymer synthesis or the deposition of CMFs, in contrast to previous assertions.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Phytochemistry (ISSN 0031-9422); Volume 57; 6; 835-46
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    [Pre-flight ground studies for the Water Offset Nutrient Delivery Experiment (WONDER): a spaceflight payload comparing two nutrient delivery systems for plant growth in space] (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Uchu seibutsu kagaku (ISSN 0914-9201); Volume 15; 3; 232-3
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Effect of spaceflight on isoflavonoid accumulation in etiolated soybean seedlings (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In order to explore the potential impact of microgravity on flavonoid biosynthesis, we examined isoflavonoid levels in soybean (Glycine max) tissues generated under both spaceflight and clinorotation conditions. A 6-day Space Shuttle-based microgravity exposure resulted in enhanced accumulation of isoflavone glycosides (daidzin, 6"-O-malonyl-7-O-glucosyl daidzein, genistin, 6"-O-malonyl-7-O-glucosyl genistein) in hypocotyl and root tissues, but reduced levels in cotyledons (relative to 1g controls on Earth). Soybean seedlings grown on a horizontally rotating clinostat for 3, 4 and 5 days exhibited (relative to a vertical clinorotation control) an isoflavonoid accumulation pattern similar to the space-grown tissues. Elevated isoflavonoid levels attributable to the clinorotation treatment were transient, with the greatest increase observed in the three-day-treated tissues and smaller increases in the four- and five-day-treated tissues. Differences between stresses presented by spaceflight and clinorotation and the resulting biochemical adaptations are discussed, as is whether the increase in isoflavonoid concentrations were due to differential rates of development under the "gravity" treatments employed. Results suggest that spaceflight exposure does not impair isoflavonoid accumulation in developing soybean tissues and that isoflavonoids respond positively to microgravity as a biochemical strategy of adaptation.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of gravitational physiology : a journal of the International Society for Gravitational Physiology (ISSN 1077-9248); 8; 2; 21-7
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-implosion plasma radiation sources using "solid-fill" nozzles (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Solid-fill nozzles for long-implosion Z-pinch experiments to produce argon K-shell x rays (photon energy 〉3.1 keV) have been developed. With a 7 cm diam nozzle, which is appropriate for a 200 ns driver, stable implosions at 180 ns and 4 MA have produced peak argon K-shell yields exceeding 15 kJ. As previously seen with short (∼100 ns) implosion times, the K-shell yield scales as the fourth power of peak current, I4. Limited testing with a 10 cm nozzle, which is appropriate for a 〉250 ns driver, has also achieved a stable implosion. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1333696
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient argon K-shell radiation from a Z pinch at currents 〉15 MA (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 3135-3138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The first observations of gaseous load implosions with over 15 MA in 〉110 ns on the Z generator [R. B. Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)] are reported. Starting from a diameter of over 8 cm, an argon double-shell Z pinch imploded to under 0.5 cm K-shell emission diameter. With a load mass of 0.8 mg/cm, K-shell x-ray output reached 274±24 kJ in a 15 TW peak power, 12 ns pulse. This record-high yield is consistent with the current-squared scaling predicted for the "efficient" emission regime. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1373418
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axially resolved z-pinch density, electron temperature, and K-shell emitting mass estimates from charge-coupled device based diagnostics : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1232-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Timely estimates of z-pinch plasma conditions can aid in the optimization of plasma radiation source K-shell emission. For example, a shell-on-shell argon gas puff has many parameters, such as the axial gas density profile, inner to outer shell mass ratio, total mass, and pinch load length, which can be varied on a shot by shot basis. At the Double-EAGLE facility at Maxwell Physics International, digital cameras have been implemented to routinely record pinhole images, x-ray spectra, and axially resolved streak images. A computer algorithm has been implemented to take as input the data (pinch diameter, Ar Lyα to Heα line ratio, and K-shell power) and output the plasma parameters (density, electron temperature, and K-shell-emitting mass) as a function of z-pinch axial location. We describe the algorithm and present results for three different z-pinch loads. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1324751
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accurate pattern registration for integrated circuit tomography (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 556-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: As part of an effort to develop high resolution microtomography for engineered structures, a two-level copper integrated circuit interconnect was imaged using 1.83 keV x rays at 14 angles employing a full-field Fresnel zone plate microscope. A major requirement for high resolution microtomography is the accurate registration of the reference axes in each of the many views needed for a reconstruction. A reconstruction with 100 nm resolution would require registration accuracy of 30 nm or better. This work demonstrates that even images that have strong interference fringes can be used to obtain accurate fiducials through the use of Radon transforms. We show that we are able to locate the coordinates of the rectilinear circuit patterns to 28 nm. The procedure is validated by agreement between an x-ray parallax measurement of 1.41±0.17 μm and a measurement of 1.58±0.08 μm from a scanning electron microscope image of a cross section. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1381541
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    International Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Review of international economics 9 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9396
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper pulls together existing theory and evidence to assess whether international financial liberalization, by improving the functioning of domestic financial markets and banks, accelerates economic growth. The analysis suggests that the answer is “yes.” First, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows tends to enhance stock market liquidity. n turn, enhanced stock market liquidity accelerates economic growth primarily by boosting productivity growth. Second, allowing greater foreign bank presence tends to enhance the efficiency of the domestic banking system. In turn, better-developed banks spur economic growth primarily by accelerating productivity growth. Thus, international financial integration can promote economic development by encouraging improvements in the domestic financial system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9396.00307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge-coupled device systems for recording two-dimensional multi-mega-ampere z-pinch data (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 2023-2031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Hardware and software have been developed for recording and displaying accurate image and spectral data produced by z-pinch plasma radiation sources at the Double-EAGLE facility at Maxwell Physics International. Desktop computers are used to acquire the data, analyze it, and display and print the results. Of the four charge-coupled device (CCD) image recording systems implemented, two record x rays directly and two record optical light emission from electron–excited phosphors. The CCD systems required careful shielding to allow them to operate in the harsh radio frequency noise environment. During a series of shots at the SATURN facility at Sandia National Laboratories, the quality of a keV x-ray spectrum recorded directly with a CCD compared well with an equivalent spectrum recorded with 2497 film. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1355264
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