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  • Annual Reviews
  • 2000-2004  (144)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974
  • 2002  (70)
  • 2001  (74)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 31 (2001), S. 357-371 
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Osteoblasts respond to surface topography with altered morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. The effects observed vary with cell culture model and the topographical features of the surface. In general, increased surface roughness is associated with decreased proliferation and increased differentiation. Cell responses to hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are altered as well, as is autocrine production of these factors. The cells interact with the surface via integrin receptors, and their expression is also surface roughness-dependent. Integrin binding to cell attachment proteins activates signal transduction cascades, including those mediated by protein kinase C and phospholipase A2. These signaling pathways are also used by regulatory factors, which results in synergistic responses. Prostaglandins are important mediators of the surface effects, and both constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase are involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 143-174 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diverse subdisciplines within entomology recognize the detection of rare individuals as the precursor to effective management of these individuals. Unfortunately, detection methods have often developed on a case-by-case basis, and advances in one subdiscipline have not carried over to similarly related fields. The biology of a particular organism will certainly affect sampling methods, but the underlying principles governing the power of a sampling strategy to detect rare individuals will apply across taxa. Our review of the sampling literature demonstrates the common problem of detecting rare individuals, reviews the fundamentals of probability theory as a foundation for any monitoring program, and discusses the inferences that can be drawn from samples, especially when resources limit sampling efforts. Particular emphasis is placed on binomial-, beta-binomial-, and hypergeometric-based sampling strategies as they pertain to quarantine inspections for exotic pests, veterinary/medical entomology, and insecticide resistance monitoring.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 51 (2001), S. 189-217 
    ISSN: 0163-8998
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The measurement of parity violation in the helicity dependence of electron-nucleon scattering provides unique information about the basic quark structure of the nucleons. This review presents the general formalism of parity-violating electron scattering, with emphasis on elastic electron-nucleon scattering. The physics issues addressed by such experiments are discussed, and the major goals of the presently envisioned experimental program are identified. Results from a recent series of experiments are summarized and the future prospects of this program are discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 337-365 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fungi are the most economically important plant pathogens and continue to be the focus of extensive research with a wide variety of methodologies. Enhancements in microscopy techniques have increased our ability to visualize the intimate interaction of fungi and their host plants. Improving methods allow pharmacological inhibition and genetic dissection of the determinants of fungal pathogenicity in a gene-by-gene approach. Identification and analysis of genes differentially transcribed in ways pertinent to pathogenicity continues to be a frequent research approach. Genome-wide analysis is gaining favor in biological research and fungal plant pathogens are no exception. Several industrial research groups are exploring fungal plant pathogenesis based on genomic sequence data and genome-wide mutagenesis. In March 2001 the first publicly available complete genome of a filamentous fungus (Neurospora crassa) was released. N. crassa is of course a saprophyte and there is no complete sequence available for a plant pathogenic fungus in public databases. However, freely accessible entire genome sequences for both plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are on the horizon. Sequence availability promises to revolutionize the rate at which data relevant to disease processes will be accrued. In this review we describe approaches currently applied to the study of plant pathogenic fungi and explore developments of potential future benefit with existing technologies not yet applied to this group of important organisms.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2001-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1531-7331
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4118
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  Diverse subdisciplines within entomology recognize the detection of rare individuals as the precursor to effective management of these individuals. Unfortunately, detection methods have often developed on a case-by-case basis, and advances in one subdiscipline have not carried over to similarly related fields. The biology of a particular organism will certainly affect sampling methods, but the underlying principles governing the power of a sampling strategy to detect rare individuals will apply across taxa. Our review of the sampling literature demonstrates the common problem of detecting rare individuals, reviews the fundamentals of probability theory as a foundation for any monitoring program, and discusses the inferences that can be drawn from samples, especially when resources limit sampling efforts. Particular emphasis is placed on binomial-, beta-binomial-, and hypergeometric-based sampling strategies as they pertain to quarantine inspections for exotic pests, veterinary/medical entomology, and insecticide resistance monitoring.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4487
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  The measurement of parity violation in the helicity dependence of electron-nucleon scattering provides unique information about the basic quark structure of the nucleons. This review presents the general formalism of parity-violating electron scattering, with emphasis on elastic electron-nucleon scattering. The physics issues addressed by such experiments are discussed, and the major goals of the presently envisioned experimental program are identified. Results from a recent series of experiments are summarized and the future prospects of this program are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0163-8998
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4134
    Topics: Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2001-09-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  The fungi are the most economically important plant pathogens and continue to be the focus of extensive research with a wide variety of methodologies. Enhancements in microscopy techniques have increased our ability to visualize the intimate interaction of fungi and their host plants. Improving methods allow pharmacological inhibition and genetic dissection of the determinants of fungal pathogenicity in a gene-by-gene approach. Identification and analysis of genes differentially transcribed in ways pertinent to pathogenicity continues to be a frequent research approach. Genome-wide analysis is gaining favor in biological research and fungal plant pathogens are no exception. Several industrial research groups are exploring fungal plant pathogenesis based on genomic sequence data and genome-wide mutagenesis. In March 2001 the first publicly available complete genome of a filamentous fungus (Neurospora crassa) was released. N. crassa is of course a saprophyte and there is no complete sequence available for a plant pathogenic fungus in public databases. However, freely accessible entire genome sequences for both plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are on the horizon. Sequence availability promises to revolutionize the rate at which data relevant to disease processes will be accrued. In this review we describe approaches currently applied to the study of plant pathogenic fungi and explore developments of potential future benefit with existing technologies not yet applied to this group of important organisms.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2107
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 245-269 
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Molecular chaperones are required to assist folding of a subset of proteins in Escherichia coli. We describe a conceptual framework for understanding how the GroEL-GroES system assists misfolded proteins to reach their native states. The architecture of GroEL consists of double toroids stacked back-to-back. However, most of the fundamentals of the GroEL action can be described in terms of the single ring. A key idea in our framework is that, with coordinated ATP hydrolysis and GroES binding, GroEL participates actively by repeatedly unfolding the substrate protein (SP), provided that it is trapped in one of the misfolded states. We conjecture that the unfolding of SP becomes possible because a stretching force is transmitted to the SP when the GroEL particle undergoes allosteric transitions. Force-induced unfolding of the SP puts it on a higher free-energy point in the multidimensional energy landscape from which the SP can either reach the native conformation with some probability or be trapped in one of the competing basins of attraction (i.e., the SP undergoes kinetic partitioning). The model shows, in a natural way, that the time scales in the dynamics of the allosteric transitions are intimately coupled to folding rates of the SP. Several scenarios for chaperonin-assisted folding emerge depending on the interplay of the time scales governing the cycle. Further refinement of this framework may be necessary because single molecule experiments indicate that there is a great dispersion in the time scales governing the dynamics of the chaperonin cycle.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 (2001), S. 189-214 
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Developing organisms may contain billions of cells destined to differentiate in numerous different ways. One strategy organisms use to simplify the orchestration of development is the separation of cell populations into distinct functional units. Our expanding knowledge of boundary formation and function in different systems is beginning to reveal general principles of this process. Fields of cells are subdivided by the interpretation of morphogen gradients, and these subdivisions are then maintained and refined by local cell-cell interactions. Sharp and stable separation between cell populations requires special mechanisms to keep cells segregated, which in many cases appear to involve the regulation of cell affinity. Once cell populations become distinct, specialized cells are often induced along the borders between them. These boundary cells can then influence the patterning of surrounding cells, which can result in progressively finer subdivisions of a tissue. Much has been learned about the signaling pathways that establish boundaries, but a key challenge for the future remains to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that actually keep cell populations separated.
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