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  • 1
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    Event-by-event fluid dynamcis (2000)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1063-651X
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3787
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 439-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thyroid hormone is essential for normal development, differentiation, and metabolic balance. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by multiple thyroid hormone receptor isoforms derived from two distinct genes. The thyroid hormone receptors belong to a nuclear receptor superfamily that also includes receptors for other small lipophilic hormones. Thyroid hormone receptors function by binding to specific thyroid hormone-responsive sequences in promoters of target genes and by regulating transcription. Thyroid hormone receptors often form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors. Heterodimerization is regulated through distinct mechanisms that together determine the specificity and flexibility of the sequence recognition. Amino-terminal regions appear to modulate thyroid hormone receptor function in an isoform-dependent manner. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor represses transcription through recruitment of a corepressor complex, which also includes Sin3A and histone deacetylase. Ligand binding alters the conformation of the thyroid hormone receptor in such a way as to release the corepressor complex and recruit a coactivator complex that includes multiple histone acetyltransferases, including a steroid receptor family coactivator, p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF), and CREB binding protein (CBP). The existence of histone-modifying activities in the transcriptional regulatory complexes indicates an important role of chromatin structure. Stoichiometric, structural, and sequence-specific rules for coregulator interaction are beginning to be understood, as are aspects of the tissue specificity of hormone action. Moreover, knockout studies suggest that the products of two thyroid hormone receptor genes mediate distinct functions in vivo. The increased understanding of the structure and function of thyroid hormone receptors and their interacting proteins has markedly clarified the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.439
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF ADIPOGENESIS (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 20 (2000), S. 535-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The major transcriptional factors involved in the adipogenic process include proteins belonging to the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and adipocyte determination and differentiation dependent factor 1, also known as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. This process has been characterized with the aid of cell lines that represent various stages in the path of adipocyte commitment, ranging from pluripotent mesodermal fibroblasts to preadipocytes. Molecular analyses have led to a cascade model for adipogenesis based on timed expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Gene targeting and transgenic-mouse technologies, which allow the manipulation of endogenous genes for these transcription factors, have also contributed to the understanding of adipogenesis. This review aims to integrate this information to gain an understanding of the transcriptional regulation of fat cell formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.535
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene regulation One man's food (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 407 (2000), S. 852-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Since early in our evolution, we have been creating unnatural molecules — from cooked foods to food additives, drugs to building materials — with the intention of improving our environment and well-being. These 'xenobiotics' can be ingested in food, air or water, either intentionally ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35038199
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structures of recombinant native and E202Q mutant human acetylcholinesterase complexed with the snake-venom toxin fasciculin-II (2000)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 1385-1394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Structures of recombinant wild-type human acetylcholinesterase and of its E202Q mutant as complexes with fasciculin-II, a `three-finger' polypeptide toxin purified from the venom of the eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps), are reported. The structure of the complex of the wild-type enzyme was solved to 2.8 Å resolution by molecular replacement starting from the structure of the complex of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase with fasciculin-II and verified by starting from a similar complex with mouse acetylcholinesterase. The overall structure is surprisingly similar to that of the T. californica enzyme with fasciculin-II and, as expected, to that of the mouse acetylcholinesterase complex. The structure of the E202Q mutant complex was refined starting from the corresponding wild-type human acetylcholinesterase structure, using the 2.7 Å resolution data set collected. Comparison of the two structures shows that removal of the charged group from the protein core and its substitution by a neutral isosteric moiety does not disrupt the functional architecture of the active centre. One of the elements of this architecture is thought to be a hydrogen-bond network including residues Glu202, Glu450, Tyr133 and two bridging molecules of water, which is conserved in other vertebrate acetylcholinesterases as well as in the human enzyme. The present findings are consistent with the notion that the main role of this network is the proper positioning of the Glu202 carboxylate relative to the catalytic triad, thus defining its functional role in the interaction of acetylcholinesterase with substrates and inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444900010659
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved Annealing Process for 6H-SiC p〈sup〉+〈/sup〉-n Junction Creation by Al Implantation (2000)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 338-342 (May 2000), p. 921-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/04/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.338-342.921.pdf
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Study of Phase Transitions of Binary Liquid Crystalline Mixtures (2000)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 321-324 (Jan. 2000), p. 1131-0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/04/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.321-324.1131.pdf
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Initialization” using an iterative Matsuno style scheme in the Eta Model adjustment stage (2000)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 75 (2000), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary  Following a recent approach of Fox-Rabinovitz an iterative Matsuno or a “Super-Matsuno” style scheme is applied as a filter in the Eta Model. In contrast to Fox-Rabinovitz, we however apply the scheme not for all of the model’s time-differencing but for its adjustment terms only. These distinctions compared to the original Fox-Rabinovitz’-method are made easy to implement by the split time differencing approach of the Eta, and at the same time would appear clearly appropriate for the “initialization” purpose. In addition, while Fox-Rabinovitz emphasizes the use of the method within a long time-scale data assimilation framework, we are focusing on the impact of the method in a short-range forecasting environment/time-scale. After a short one hour “initialization” procedure is completed, standard model integration is continued, now very much free of noise. The Super-Matsuno style scheme is found to balance initially unbalanced external and internal modes and to significantly reduce the high-frequency noise during the first 6 time steps. In a control case noise also reduces in amplitude as integration proceeds, but at a much slower rate. The model integration results with and without “initialization” after 6 hours are however very similar. Even so, it is to be expected that small differences, given that they have resulted from the removal of spurious initial noise, have to be beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007030070019
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of PWM technique with partially constant modulating waves (2000)
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 82 (2000), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Qualität der Wellenformen sowie die Charakteristik des Gewinns an Spannung für den Bereich der Supramodulation in Falle der Pulsbreitenmodulationstechnik (PWM) mit partiell konstanten Modulationssignalen studiert. Auf diese Weise wird die Kommutationsanzahl in einem Dreiphasen-Wechselrichter um 33 verringert im Vergleich zur klassischen PWM-Methode. Vorgeschlagen wird eine PWM-Variante, bei der im Winkelbereich von π/3 nur zwei Kommutationen der Halbleitervorrichtungen im Wechselricher durchgeführt werden. Diese Methods unterscheidet sich von den in der bisherigen Literatur beschriebenen Methoden, da diese die notwendigen Korrekturen der Ausgangsspannung zur Verringerung der Amplituden der im Ausgangsspannungspektrum auftretenden kleinen Harmonischen absichern. Diese Korrekturen eliminieren die durch die Diskontinuitäten der Modulationswelle erzeugten unerwünschten Effekte.
    Notes: Contents In this paper the waveform quality and overmodulation region voltage-gain characteristic of pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) method with partially constant modulating waves are investigated. Thus the number of switchings in the three-phase inverter decreases by 33 as compared to the classical methods. A PWM version is proposed, in which during an interval of π/3 intervals only two switchings of the inverter semiconductor devices are performed. This method is different to those known in literature because it assure the necessary corrections of PWM-voltage in order to decrease the inverter output low order harmonics amplitudes voltages. These corrections eliminate the undesirable effects of the modulation wave discontinuities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002020000043
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypothesis regarding a membrane-associated mechanism of biological action due to low-dose ionizing radiation (2000)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 39 (2000), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  A novel theory is proposed regarding the action of ionizing radiation in the range of very low doses. The basic premise of the theory presented is that the low-dose effect cannot be explained by direct damage to the DNA (as has generally been assumed) and that effects on cellular membranes should be considered instead. Low-dose radiation damaging the plasma membrane decreases the concentration of low-molecular weight compounds (LMWC) inside the cell, which through an unspecific mechanism induces an activation of all enzymes. The mechanism described here has been well substantiated. The changes in the intracellular contents of LMWC and the increase of pHin cause chromatin rearrangements, alterations in DNA folding and finally, if the latter are strong enough, expression of various ”silent” genes including repair enzyme genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004110000061
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