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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nanometer-scale resolution of a chloromethylated calixarene negative resist in electron-beam lithography: Dependence on the number of phenolic residues (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 301-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated a chloromethylated calixarene, p-chloromethylmethoxcalix[n]arene (CMC[n]AOMe) (n=5,6,7), as a negative resist in electron-beam lithography. Each CMC[n]AOMe resist has a resolution of about 12 nm and a sensitivity of about 0.8 mC/cm2 which varies slightly with n (or molecular weight). A sub-10-nm Si wire has been fabricated by halide plasma etching and a CMC[n]AOMe resist as an etching mask. Because the resist pattern edge is smooth, Si wires with 7-nm width and 10-μm length were performed without any breaking. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126957
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maskless fabrication of field-emitter array by focused ion and electron beam (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 3319-3321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Niobium-gated field-emitter arrays with Pt tips were fabricated using focused ion and electron beams. A promising approach, based on a two-step etch process in a Nb/SiO2/Si structure, has been implemented for the suppression of beam-induced damage and contamination in the processed area during the production of the gate openings. Only the top Nb layer was removed for gate openings by physical sputtering using the focused ion beam. The underlying SiO2 was subsequently removed by wet etching. Deposition of Pt pillars into these gate openings using electron-beam-induced chemical reaction resulted in field emission at an applied gate bias of 50 V even without any thermal annealing process. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126638
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of inhomogeneity of supercritical water by small-angle x-ray scattering (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 4203-4211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments using synchrotron radiation were carried out for supercritical water along isotherms at the temperatures T=660.0, 661.5, 663.0, 677.0, and 687.5 K, from a gaslike density region to a liquidlike one, including an intermediate density region. The high-temperature and high-pressure sample holder for SAXS measurements suitable for supercritical water was redesigned for more precise measurements. The curves illustrating the density dependence of density fluctuations and correlation lengths show a slight shift of the maximum from critical isochore. The deviations become larger with increasing temperature. The results for the density fluctuations and correlation lengths for supercritical water are compared with those for supercritical CO2 and CF3H at T/Tc=1.02 and 1.06. The comparison allows us to draw the conclusion that the behavior in the long-range inhomogeneity of water in the supercritical state is in discord with the ordinary behaviors for other molecular substances. Density fluctuations in water are also compared with those of Ar and Hg calculated thermodynamically by use of the equations of state. The correlation of the symmetry between the contour of density fluctuations and the vapor–liquid coexistence curve is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.480965
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunobiological activities of a chemically synthesized lipid A of Porphyromonas gingivalis (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 28 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A synthetic lipid A of Porphyromonas gingivalis strain 381 (compound PG-381), which is similar to its natural lipid A, demonstrated no or very low endotoxic activities as compared to Escherichia coli-type synthetic lipid A (compound 506). On the other hand, compound PG-381 had stronger hemagglutinating activities on rabbit erythrocytes than compound 506. Compound PG-381 also induced mitogenic responses in spleen cells from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice, as well as LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice. The addition of polymyxin B resulted in the inhibition of mitogenic activities, however, compound 506 did not show these capacities. Additionally, compound PG-381 showed a lower level of activity in inducing cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages and gingival fibroblasts from C3H/HeN mice, but not C3H/HeJ mice, in comparison to compound 506. Thus, this study demonstrates that the chemical synthesis of lipid A, mimicking the natural lipid A portion of LPS from P. gingivalis, confirms its low endotoxic potency and immunobiological activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01487.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of 22-kDa protein reacting with sera in piglets experimentally infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 28 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to examine the effect of spectinomycin on outbreaks of swine dysentery, experimental infection of piglets with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was carried out. Feed with and without spectinomycin (SP) was given to each piglet ad libitum and the susceptibility of the piglets to infection with B. hyodysenteriae was compared between SP-treated and untreated piglets. The results showed that the SP-treated piglets did not display clinical signs of swine dysentery unlike the untreated piglets. The sera obtained from these piglets were examined by the microscopic agglutination test and antibodies to B. hyodysenteriae in both groups of experimentally infected piglets were detected and the reaction was serogroup-specific. The agglutination titers were very high in the untreated piglets with dysentery while the titers in the SP-treated piglets were lower than those in the untreated piglets. In addition, the immunoblotting technique was applied and the results demonstrated that 22- and 17-kDa proteins in strain ATCC 31212 (serogroup B) reacted strongly with the sera from the untreated piglets but not with the sera from the SP-treated piglets. The 22- and 17-kDa proteins also reacted with strain ATCC 27164 (serogroup A) which belongs to a different serogroup. The 22- and 17-kDa proteins were also confirmed in six other strains of B. hyodysenteriae which belong to six different serogroups. These proteins were sensitive to proteinase K. These results indicate that the 22- and 17-kDa proteins are common to eight strains of B. hyodysenteriae which differ serologically from each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01455.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevention of endotoxin-induced lethality in mice by calmodulin kinase activator (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 27 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Porphyromonas gingivalis strain 381 lipid A showed lower activity in inducing interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β production and cytokine mRNA expression than synthetic Escherichia coli lipid A (compound 506) in alveolar macrophages of C57BL/6 mice. Both the lipid As induced tumor necrosis factor α in alveolar macrophages and IL-6 in peritoneal macrophages. A calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, W-7, inhibited IL-1β production and its mRNA expression induced by P. gingivalis lipid A but not compound 506 in alveolar macrophages. A CaM kinase activator reduced the induction of IL-1β in the serum of mice when administered with compound 506, and protected the mice against the lethal toxicity. The modulation of a variety of intracellular enzymes including the CaM kinase may result in clinical control of endotoxic sepsis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01431.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture behavior of notched unidirectional Si-Ti-C-O/BMAS composite (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 3497-3504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental and modeling studies on tensile fracture behavior of notched unidirectional Si-Ti-C-O (Tyranno fiber) reinforced BMAS (barium magnesium aluminosilicate) glass matrix composite were carried out. The longitudinal crack arose at the tip of the transverse notch before overall fracture. The critical energy release rate around at initiation of the longitudinal cracking was estimated to be nearly 100 J/m2 by application of the present model to the experimentally observed relation between the stress of the composite in the very early stage of longitudinal cracking and the notch size. The notched strength was higher than that predicted by the fracture mechanical criterion due to the blunting arising from the premature longitudinal cracking, but it was lower than that predicted by the net stress criterion due to the constraint effect arising from the bridging of the fibers and the spalling of the segmented matrix into the longitudinal crack.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004892925332
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Red Stripe of Rice Is Caused by a Bacterium Microbacterium sp. (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of general plant pathology 66 (2000), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-739X
    Keywords: Keywords: red stripe, rice, etiology.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In an etiological study to identify the causal agent of red stripe of rice, white bacterial colonies were consistently isolated from all diseased leaf samples collected in Indonesia. All the bacterial isolates were pathogenic to rice and caused symptoms similar to red stripe. The bacterial infection in rice leaves was confirmed histologically. Bacterial masses were observed in the lumina of xylem vessels in the lesion area, especially in those of connecting strands. Analysis of the 16S rDNA of the causal bacterium gave best matches to the 16S rDNA sequence of Microbacterium spp. of Microbacteriaceae which includes Clavibacter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00012937
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learning to Teach Science: The Curriculum of Student Teaching in Hiroshima "Attached" Schools (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of science teacher education 11 (2000), S. 189-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1847
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009481121316
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 650-GHz Band SIS Receiver for Balloon-Borne Limb-Emission Sounder (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of infrared and millimeter waves 21 (2000), S. 519-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9559
    Keywords: SIS ; submillimeter-waves ; superconductor ; low-noise receiver ; atmospheric observations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A superconducting low-noise receiver has been developed for atmospheric observations in the 650-GHz band. A waveguide-type tunerless mixer mount was designed based on one for the 200-GHz band. Two niobium SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) junctions were connected by a tuning inductance to cancel the junction capacitance. We designed the ωRnCj product to be 8 and the current density to be 5.5 kA/cm2. The measured receiver noise temperature in DSB was 126-259 K in the frequency range of 618-660 GHz at an IF of 5.2 GHz, and that in the IF band (5-7 GHz) was 126-167 K at 621 GHz. Direct detection measurements using a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) showed the frequency response of the SIS mixer to be in the range of about 500-700 GHz. The fractional bandwidth was about 14%. The SIS receiver will be installed in a balloon-borne limb-emission sounder that will be launched from Sanriku Balloon Center in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006623518185
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