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  • 2000  (30)
  • 1
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    The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for 〉95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied. Geographic distribution and age estimates of alleles are compatible with two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migratory episode that have contributed to the modern European gene pool. A significant correlation between the NRY haplotype data and principal components based on 95 protein markers was observed, indicating the effectiveness of NRY binary polymorphisms in the characterization of human population composition and history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Semino, O -- Passarino, G -- Oefner, P J -- Lin, A A -- Arbuzova, S -- Beckman, L E -- De Benedictis, G -- Francalacci, P -- Kouvatsi, A -- Limborska, S -- Marcikiae, M -- Mika, A -- Mika, B -- Primorac, D -- Santachiara-Benerecetti, A S -- Cavalli-Sforza, L L -- Underhill, P A -- GM 28428/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 55273/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1155-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy. semino@ipvgen.univp.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Anthropology, Physical ; Climate ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Female ; *Gene Pool ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Middle East ; *Y Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Promiscuity and the primate immune system (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: The behavioral and ecological factors involved in immune system evolution remain poorly explored. We present a phylogenetic analysis of white blood cell counts in primates to test three hypotheses related to disease risk: increases in risk are expected with group size or population density, exposure to soil-borne pathogens, and mating promiscuity. White blood cell counts were significantly greater in species where females have more mating partners, indicating that the risk of sexually transmitted disease is likely to be a major factor leading to systematic differences in the primate immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nunn, C L -- Gittleman, J L -- Antonovics, J -- GM60766-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1168-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA. charlie.nunn@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073457" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Biological Evolution ; Body Weight ; Female ; Haplorhini/blood/*immunology ; Immune System/*physiology ; *Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Population Density ; Primate Diseases/epidemiology/immunology ; Risk Factors ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/veterinary ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Rapid evolution of a geographic cline in size in an introduced fly (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: The introduction and rapid spread of Drosophila subobscura in the New World two decades ago provide an opportunity to determine the predictability and rate of evolution of a geographic cline. In ancestral Old World populations, wing length increases clinally with latitude. In North American populations, no wing length cline was detected one decade after the introduction. After two decades, however, a cline has evolved and largely converged on the ancestral cline. The rate of morphological evolution on a continental scale is very fast, relative even to rates measured within local populations. Nevertheless, different wing sections dominate the New versus Old World clines. Thus, the evolution of geographic variation in wing length has been predictable, but the means by which the cline is achieved is contingent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huey, R B -- Gilchrist, G W -- Carlson, M L -- Berrigan, D -- Serra, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):308-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA. hueyrb@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10634786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/*anatomy & histology/*genetics ; Europe ; Female ; Geography ; Male ; North America ; Sex Characteristics ; Time Factors ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Soluble adenylyl cyclase as an evolutionarily conserved bicarbonate sensor (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-01
    Description: Spermatozoa undergo a poorly understood activation process induced by bicarbonate and mediated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). It has been assumed that bicarbonate mediates its effects through changes in intracellular pH or membrane potential; however, we demonstrate here that bicarbonate directly stimulates mammalian soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) activity in vivo and in vitro in a pH-independent manner. sAC is most similar to adenylyl cyclases from cyanobacteria, and bicarbonate regulation of cyclase activity is conserved in these early forms of life. sAC is also expressed in other bicarbonate-responsive tissues, which suggests that bicarbonate regulation of cAMP signaling plays a fundamental role in many biological systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Y -- Cann, M J -- Litvin, T N -- Iourgenko, V -- Sinclair, M L -- Levin, L R -- Buck, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):625-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10915626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bicarbonates/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line ; Cyanobacteria/enzymology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction ; Solubility ; Sperm Capacitation ; Spermatozoa/enzymology/*metabolism/physiology ; Testis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in a hummingbird (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-21
    Description: Unambiguous examples of ecological causes of animal sexual dimorphism are rare. Here we present evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism in the bill morphology of a hummingbird, the purple-throated carib. This hummingbird is the sole pollinator of two Heliconia species whose flowers correspond to the bills of either males or females. Each sex feeds most quickly at the flower species approximating its bill dimensions, which supports the hypothesis that floral specialization has driven the evolution of bill dimorphism. Further evidence for ecological causation of sexual dimorphism was provided by a geographic replacement of one Heliconia species by the other and the subsequent development of a floral dimorphism, with one floral morph matching the bills of males and the other of females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Temeles, E J -- Pan, I L -- Brennan, J L -- Horwitt, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):441-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA. ejtemeles@amherst.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10903203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology ; Saint Lucia ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; Zingiberales/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Has America's tide of violence receded for good? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Experts in the young field of violence epidemiology blame guns and crack cocaine for America's deadly crime surge in the early 1990s. Explaining the subsequent decline in violent crime rates has been more difficult, however. Some of the factors that seem to have helped squelch crime could be temporary, such as low unemployment rates. But others, including a growing intolerance for violence as a means of settling interpersonal disputes, seem to have become cultural norms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):582-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939973" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abortion, Legal ; Crack Cocaine ; Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Firearms ; Homicide/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Police ; Prisons ; Street Drugs ; United States ; Violence/*statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861-1999 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit. We examined the maximum age at death in Sweden, which rose from about 101 years during the 1860s to about 108 years during the 1990s. The pace of increase was 0.44 years per decade before 1969 but accelerated to 1. 11 years per decade after that date. More than 70 percent of the rise in the maximum age at death from 1861 to 1999 is attributable to reductions in death rates above age 70. The rest are due to increased numbers of survivors to old age (both larger birth cohorts and increased survivorship from infancy to age 70). The more rapid rise in the maximum age since 1969 is due to the faster pace of old-age mortality decline during recent decades.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilmoth, J R -- Deegan, L J -- Lundstrom, H -- Horiuchi, S -- K02-AG00778/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG11552/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG14698/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2366-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2120, USA. jrw@demog.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/trends ; Life Tables ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality/trends ; Probability ; Sweden
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Insect population control using a dominant, repressible, lethal genetic system (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: A major modification to the sterile insect technique is described, in which transgenic insects homozygous for a dominant, repressible, female-specific lethal gene system are used. We demonstrate two methods that give the required genetic characteristics in an otherwise wild-type genetic background. The first system uses a sex-specific promoter or enhancer to drive the expression of a repressible transcription factor, which in turn controls the expression of a toxic gene product. The second system uses non-sex-specific expression of the repressible transcription factor to regulate a selectively lethal gene product. Both methods work efficiently in Drosophila melanogaster, and we expect these principles to be widely applicable to more economically important organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, D D -- Donnelly, C A -- Wood, R J -- Alphey, L S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2474-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Egg Proteins/genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fat Body/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Dominant ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genes, Lethal ; Genes, ras ; Homozygote ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Molecular biology. Mothers setting boundaries (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Certain genes are only expressed at one allele, a phenomenon called imprinting. Although it is well established that one allele of certain imprinted genes is silenced through methylation, this does not appear to be the case for all imprinted genes. In a thoughtful Perspective, Thorvaldsen and Bartolomei discuss new findings showing that insertion of insulator elements (boundary regions) between the promoter of a gene and its enhancer (a sequence that boosts gene expression) may be another way in which genes are silenced during imprinting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thorvaldsen, J L -- Bartolomei, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2145-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thorvald@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896590" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dinucleoside Phosphates ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fathers ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Mothers ; Muscle Proteins/genetics ; Ovum/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; *RNA, Untranslated ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Repressor Proteins ; Spermatozoa/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Requirement for DARPP-32 in progesterone-facilitated sexual receptivity in female rats and mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-11
    Description: DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein (32 kilodaltons in size), is an obligate intermediate in progesterone (P)-facilitated sexual receptivity in female rats and mice. The facilitative effect of P on sexual receptivity in female rats was blocked by antisense oligonucleotides to DARPP-32. Homozygous mice carrying a null mutation for the DARPP-32 gene exhibited minimal levels of P-facilitated sexual receptivity when compared to their wild-type littermates. P significantly increased hypothalamic cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These increases were not inhibited by a D1 subclass dopamine receptor antagonist. P also enhanced phosphorylation of DARPP-32 on threonine 34 in the hypothalamus of mice. DARPP-32 activation is thus an obligatory step in progestin receptor regulation of sexual receptivity in rats and mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mani, S K -- Fienberg, A A -- O'Callaghan, J P -- Snyder, G L -- Allen, P B -- Dash, P K -- Moore, A N -- Mitchell, A J -- Bibb, J -- Greengard, P -- O'Malley, B W -- MH49662/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH57442/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 35457/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1053-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. smani@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10669419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Dopamine/pharmacology ; Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; Female ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Posture ; Progesterone/*pharmacology ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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