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  • 2020-2022
  • 2000-2004  (330)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
  • 2000  (330)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 2000-2004  (330)
  • 1985-1989
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  • 1
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 20 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Food Quality Protection Act and the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act are two of the most recent examples of legislation calling for protection of susceptible subpopulations. As regulatory deadlines draw nearer, controversies in scientific and policy arenas increase about incorporating susceptibility in risk assessment. The previously accepted working definition of “susceptibility” has already been called into question. Part of the controversy results from different disciplines conceiving of susceptibility in different ways. Understanding the conceptual differences embodied within definitions can provide a basis on which a revised working definition may be developed across disciplines. The purposes of this article are to describe the varying definitions of susceptibility, discuss the differing concepts incorporated in the definitions, and recommend ways in which susceptibility may be defined and framed to meet current risk assessment needs. The present analysis of definitions from the fields of ecology, biology, engineering, medicine, epidemiology, and toxicology revealed different emphases that relate to the underlying perspectives and methods of each field. It is likely that susceptibility will need to be formally defined for public policy purposes, but until that time, the use of more informal communication and decision-making processes is suggested to develop and utilize a new working consensus on the definition of susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We studied vegetation change of a remnant barrens in southern Illinois over twenty-five years. The study area was periodically burned between 1969 and 1993, but fire was excluded for a 16-year period (1974–1989). During the study, the barrens supported a mixture of species whose preferred habitats ranged from prairie and open woodlands to closed forest communities. The herbaceous vegetation may be on a trajectory characterized by increasing dominance of woodland species and declining prairie species. Fire management temporarily reversed this trend, but it continued once fire was excluded. Reintroduction of prescribed burning in 1990–1993 altered the vegetation trajectory but not back toward a species composition comparable to that present on the site before cessation of fire management after 1973. Following interruption of prescribed burning, tree basal area more than doubled, and density showed a 67% increase between premanagement conditions in 1968 and 1988. Salix humilis (prairie willow) density had significant negative correlations with tree density and basal area. However, there was no consistency in response of shrub species on the site to the varied site conditions over time. Fire management on the site may not recover the historic barrens that occurred on the site. Nevertheless, consistent fire management will drive vegetation changes toward increasing abundance of prairie and open woodland species that would otherwise be lost without burning.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers, Inc.
    Growth and change 31 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: To assess development potential of small business, this research examines the age and size characteristics of nonmetropolitan firms and the contribution of business ‘births,’‘deaths,’ expansions, and contractions to job growth. Analysis of data derived from the federal-state unemployment insurance program in Georgia indicates that firms employing fewer than 100 workers account for 44.3 percent of private sector nonfarm employment in nonmetropolitan counties. Overall, the mix of small and large firms remained quite stable over the five year study period. The dynamics of job creation and loss differed dramatically by enterprise size and manufacturing/nonmanufacturing sector. Three segments of the business population contributed most to rural job growth: very small continuing firms, large manufacturing establishments, and non-manufacturing businesses owned by large enterprises. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic development policies that may enable rural communities to capitalize on these business demographic trends.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of rapid methods and automation in microbiology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-4581
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Foodborne disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni has been associated with raw meats, poultry, milk, water, and other foods. Animals can harbor this pathogen among the intestinal flora, and it potentially can contaminate carcasses during dressing procedures. Therefore, it is virtually impossible to completely prevent contamination of meat and poultry. Hazards associated with contamination, survival and, subsequent growth during production, transportation, processing, and preparation must be considered. However, demonstrating C. jejuni presence and control is challenging because it is difficult to culture and maintain in laboratory conditions. Campylobacter jejuni has been exhibited to be extremely vulnerable to a wide variety of antimicrobial treatments, food processing methods, and environmental stress. Effective, validated methods for controlling this pathogen would be of immense value to consumers by reducing exposure. Relevant literature regarding the various techniques for the prevention, control, and inactivation of C. jejuni in meat and poultry is reviewed and their potential assessed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 1158-1169 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of CH3O−, CH3CH2O−, (CH3)2CHO−, (CH3)3CO−, as well as CD3O− and CD3CD2O− are presented, providing improved electron affinities and new information on vibronic coupling in the corresponding neutral radicals. Jahn-Teller vibronic transitions are assigned to e vibrational modes of X˜ 2E CH3O. The excitation energy of the A˜ 2A′ state of CH3CH2O with respect to the X˜ 2A″ state is observed directly at 355±10 cm−1. Vibronic coupling between these low-lying electronic states perturbs the observed vibronic levels. Features of the (CH3)2CHO− photoelectron spectrum are assigned. The splitting between the X˜ 2A′ and A˜ 2A″ states of (CH3)2CHO is determined to be 1225±65 cm−1. Significant vibronic coupling is not observed in (CH3)2CHO. Vibrational assignments are made for the spectral features of (CH3)3CO and no Jahn-Teller effects are observed directly. Electron affinities (EAs) for the neutrals (RO) are (in eV); EA(CH3O)=1.572±0.004; EA(CD3O)=1.559±0.004; EA(CH3CH2O)=1.712±0.004; EA(CD3CD2O)=1.699±0.004; EA((CH3)2CHO)=1.847±0.004; EA((CH3)3CO)=1.909±0.004. Bond dissociation energies of ROH, D300(RO–H), along with ΔfH300(RO), ΔfH300(RO−), and ΔfH300(RO+) are derived. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 4966-4973 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 351 nm photoelectron spectra of OH−(NH3)n n=1,2 and the deuterated analogs exhibit two broad peaks. Ab initio calculations of the anion and neutral potential-energy surfaces have been carried out using an MP2 (second-order Møller–Plesset)/6-31++G** basis set. The geometries, frequencies, and energetics from these calculations aid in the interpretation of the experimental results. An estimate of the OH(NH3) electron affinity is 2.35±0.07 eV based on experimental and theoretical results. Calculations of the anion vibrational wave functions indicate that following electron photodetachment, the neutral potential-energy surface is accessed from the reactant entrance channel through the transition state region. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 8839-8846 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The trimer (N2O)2⋅SO2 has been studied by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The rotational constants for the normal species are A=1369.1014(11) MHz, B=1115.5816(11) MHz, and C=730.5790(4) MHz. Five isotopomers of the complex have been studied, allowing a determination of its structure. The configuration aligns the centers-of-mass of the three monomers in an approximate equilateral triangle. The monomers twist relative to this plane so that the two N2O's are intermediate between T-shaped and crossed rather than the usual slipped-parallel planar. The SO2 is oriented so that its oxygens are straddling one N2O (similar to the N2O⋅SO2 dimer), while its sulfur is closest to the oxygen end of the other N2O. The dipole moment of (15N2O)2⋅SO2 was measured, giving μa=0.606(1) D, μb=1.256(2) D, μc=0.058(2) D, and μtotal=1.396(2) D. A semiempirical model has been used to predict the trimer structure, and comparison is made with this model as well as with the dimer N2O⋅SO2. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The kinetics of global changes in transcription patterns during competence development in Streptococcus pneumoniae was analysed with high-density arrays. Four thousand three hundred and one clones of a S. pneumoniae library, covering almost the entire genome, were amplified by PCR and gridded at high density onto nylon membranes. Competence was induced by the addition of CSP (competence stimulating peptide) to S. pneumoniae cultures grown to the early exponential phase. RNA was extracted from samples at 5 min intervals (for a period of 30 min) after the addition of CSP. Radiolabelled cDNA was generated from isolated total RNA by random priming and the probes were hybridized to identical high-density arrays. Genes whose transcription was induced or repressed during competence were identified. Most of the genes previously known to be competence induced were detected together with several novel genes that all displayed the characteristic transient kinetics of competence-induced genes. Among the newly identified genes many have suggested functions compatible with roles in genetic transformation. Some of them may represent new members of the early or late competence regulons showing competence specific consensus sequences in their promoter regions. Northern experiments and mutational analysis were used to confirm some of the results.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the annotation of genomic sequences, small open reading frames (ORFs) are often neglected, particularly if they have no homology to other ORFs or proteins. A mini-TnphoA insertion in a 602 bp ‘intergenic’ region of the Escherichia coli chromosome at genomic nucleotide 1702674 gave rise to a membrane-bound PhoA fusion protein and a two- to fourfold increase in the intrinsic susceptibility to a wide spectrum of beta-lactam antibiotics without affecting beta-lactamase activity or susceptibility to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin or quinolones. Susceptibility was also increased to cycloserine and bacitracin, but not to fosfomycin or valinomycin; these drugs, like beta-lactams, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, although by different mechanisms. A clone bearing only 358 bp of this ‘blr’ region restored resistance to the parental level. Two amber mutations in the clone prevented such restoration and were counteracted by an amber suppressor, proving that the active species is a protein. The Blr protein has 41 amino acids, with a single predicted transmembrane helix, but no clear homology to any other protein. A transcriptional start exists 39 bp upstream from the translational start. The membrane location of Blr suggests that it may be part of an efflux pump or involved in murein metabolism. The results indicate that genes for other very small functional proteins may lie within ‘intergenic’ regions.
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