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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 3324-3327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We demonstrate that ordered microlens arrays with 10 μm diam poly-dimethyl-siloxane lenses attached to glass substrates increase the light output of organic light emitting devices (OLED) by a factor of 1.5 over unlensed substrates. The lenses, which are considerably smaller than, and not aligned to the OLEDs, outcouple light that is emitted outside of the escape cone of the substrate. We show that an electrophosphorescent device based on a fac tris(2-phenylpyridine)Iridium (Ir(ppy)3) doped emitting layer has its external quantum efficiency increased from 9.5% using a flat glass substrate, to 14.5% at low current densities using a substrate with microlenses. No change in the emission spectrum is observed for different viewing angles using the lens arrays. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1435422
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyphase zircon in ultrahigh-temperature granulites (Rogaland, SW Norway): constraints for Pb diffusion in zircon (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 20 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: SHRIMP U–Pb ages have been obtained for zircon in granitic gneisses from the aureole of the Rogaland anorthosite–norite intrusive complex, both from the ultrahigh temperature (UHT; 〉900 °C pigeonite-in) zone and from outside the hypersthene-in isograd. Magmatic and metamorphic segments of composite zircon were characterised on the basis of electron backscattered electron and cathodoluminescence images plus trace element analysis. A sample from outside the UHT zone has magmatic cores with an age of 1034 ± 7 Ma (2σ, n = 8) and 1052 ± 5 Ma (1σ, n = 1) overgrown by M1 metamorphic rims giving ages between 1020 ± 7 and 1007 ± 5 Ma. In contrast, samples from the UHT zone exhibit four major age groups: (1) magmatic cores yielding ages over 1500 Ma (2) magmatic cores giving ages of 1034 ± 13 Ma (2σ, n = 4) and 1056 ± 10 Ma (1σ, n = 1) (3) metamorphic overgrowths ranging in age between 1017 ± 6 Ma and 992 ± 7 Ma (1σ) corresponding to the regional M1 Sveconorwegian granulite facies metamorphism, and (4) overgrowths corresponding to M2 UHT contact metamorphism giving values of 922 ± 14 Ma (2σ, n = 6). Recrystallized areas in zircon from both areas define a further age group at 974 ± 13 Ma (2σ, n = 4). This study presents the first evidence from Rogaland for new growth of zircon resulting from UHT contact metamorphism. More importantly, it shows the survival of magmatic and regional metamorphic zircon relics in rocks that experienced a thermal overprint of c. 950 °C for at least 1 Myr. Magmatic and different metamorphic zones in the same zircon are sharply bounded and preserve original crystallization age information, a result inconsistent with some experimental data on Pb diffusion in zircon which predict measurable Pb diffusion under such conditions. The implication is that resetting of zircon ages by diffusion during M2 was negligible in these dry granulite facies rocks. Imaging and Th/U–Y systematics indicate that the main processes affecting zircon were dissolution-reprecipitation in a closed system and solid-state recrystallization during and soon after M1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00400.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exhumation of the lower crust during crustal shortening: an Alice Springs (380 Ma) age for a prograde amphibolite facies shear zone in the Strangways Metamorphic Complex (central Australia) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 18 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Foliated garnet-bearing amphibolites occur within the West Bore Shear Zone, cutting through granulite facies gneisses of the Strangways Metamorphic Complex. In the amphibolites, large euhedral garnet (up to 3 cm) occurs within fine-grained recrystallized leucocratic diffusion haloes of plagioclase–quartz. The garnet and their haloes include a well-developed vertical foliation, also present in the matrix. This foliation is the same as that cutting through the unconformably overlying Neoproterozoic Heavitree Quartzite. The textures indicate syn- to late kinematic growth of the amphibolite facies mineral assemblages.All mineral assemblages record an arrested prograde reaction history. Noteworthy is the growth of garnet at the expense of hornblende and plagioclase, and the breakdown of staurolite–hornblende to give plagioclase–gedrite. These dehydration reactions indicate increasing P–T  conditions during metamorphism, and suggest heating towards the end of a period of intense deformation. Temperature estimates for the garnet–amphibolite and related staurolite–hornblende assemblages from the shear zone are about 600 °C. Pressure is estimated at about 5 kbar.An Sm–Nd isochron gives an age of 381±7 Ma for the peak metamorphism and associated deformation. This age determination confirms that amphibolite facies conditions prevailed during shear zone development within the Strangways Metamorphic Complex during the Alice Springs Orogeny. These temperature conditions are significantly higher than those expected at this depth assuming a normal geothermal gradient. The Alice Springs Orogeny was associated with significant crustal thickening, allowing exhumation of the granulite facies, Palaeoproterozoic, lower crust. Along-strike variations of the tectonic style suggest a larger amount of crustal shortening in the eastern part of the Alice Springs Orogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00289.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dwell-time related effects in focused ion beam synthesis of cobalt disilicide (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of the high current density of a focused ion beam on the ion beam synthesis of CoSi2 layers has been investigated. After 35 keV Co+ or 70 keV Co2+ implantation into a heated Si(111) substrate and subsequent annealing, the layers have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). It is shown that the mode of beam scanning influences the CoSi2 layer formation significantly. At a given substrate temperature, a sufficient low dwell time is required to obtain a continuous layer rather than a laterally disrupted structure. With increasing target temperature, the dwell-time window becomes less restricted. The results are discussed in terms of damaging and dynamic annealing of the silicon crystal. RBS channeling investigations demonstrate that continuous or disrupted CoSi2 layers are formed when the substrate remains crystalline or becomes amorphous, respectively. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371826
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of diffusional transport during ion nitriding of aluminum (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 1404-1406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of diffusional transport during low-energy ion nitriding of aluminum has been investigated using marker and isotope sequence techniques in connection with ion-beam analysis. For an ion energy of 1 keV and a temperature of 400 °C, it is shown that the nitride grows at the surface with aluminum being supplied by diffusion from the underlying bulk. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126070
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode identification in spherical microcavities doped with quantum dots (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 3253-3255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using imaging spectroscopy at the diffraction limit, a polarization-sensitive mode mapping allows the experimental identification of transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes for spherical microcavities. The method is applied to microspheres surface covered by CdSe quantum dots. A theoretical estimate of the minimum mode volume excited by a single, anisotropic quantum dot is given with Q/V larger than 1000 μm−3 for the parameters of the experimentally studied microcavities. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1475364
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of low-stress cubic boron nitride films by simultaneous medium-energy ion implantation (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 55-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that the intrinsic stress in cubic boron nitride films can be significantly relaxed during growth by simultaneous medium-energy ion implantation. The stress in the growing film has been studied in situ using cantilever curvature measurements and has been reduced to below 2 GPa by simultaneous Ar+ or N+ ion implantation with an energy of 70 and 35 keV, respectively. The resulting cubic boron nitride films show an increased long-term stability. The results reveal that the stress in cBN is not reduced due to segregation of boron at grain boundaries. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1430268
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorbance spectroscopy and identification of valence subband transitions in type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 409-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe the molecular-beam epitaxy growth, as well as both the structural and optical characterization of a set of InAs/GaSb type-II strained-layer superlattice samples, in which the GaSb layer thickness is systematically increased. Absorbance spectroscopy measurements show well-defined features associated with transitions from the various valence subbands to the lowest conduction subband, and also a significant blueshift of the band edge when the GaSb layers thickness is increased. Empirical pseudopotential method calculations are shown to successfully predict the blueshift and help identify the higher-energy transitions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125770
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nitrogen transport in austenitic stainless steel at moderate temperatures (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 2194-2196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model for the transport of nitrogen in austenitic stainless steel at temperatures around 400 °C is presented and discussed. The model considers the diffusion of nitrogen under the influence of trapping and detrapping at trap sites formed by local chromium. Nitrogen depth profiles simulated on the basis of the model with diffusion and detrapping activation energies of 1.1 and 1.45 eV, respectively, are in good agreement with experimental nitrogen profiles. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126294
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Stunning Methods on Rigor Mortis and Texture Properties of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear force and rigor mortis were used to evaluate the post-mortem changes of muscle texture in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The fish were either stunned with carbon dioxide (CO2), electricity, or percussion prior to slaughter. The pre-mortem stress during CO2 stunning resulted in an earlier onset and resolution of rigor mortis, and accelerated post-mortem softening of the muscle tissue as compared to the other stunning methods. No significant differences, either in development of rigor mortis or shear force, were seen between fish that were stunned with electricity or by percussion. Consequently electricity can be used for stunning fish prior to slaughter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10306.x
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