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  • 1
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    Validation of the Saharan Dust Plume Conceptual Model Using Lidar, Meteosat, and ECMWF Data (1999)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Environmental Forcing of Super Typhoon Paka's (1997) Latent Heat Structure (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The distribution and intensity of total (i.e., combined stratified and convective processes) rainrate/latent heat release (LHR) were derived for tropical cyclone Paka during the period 9-21 December, 1997 from the F-10, F-11, F-13, and F-14 Defense Meteorological Satellite Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and the Tropical Rain Measurement Mission Microwave Imager observations. These observations were frequent enough to capture three episodes of inner core convective bursts that preceded periods of rapid intensification and a convective rainband (CRB) cycle. During these periods of convective bursts, satellite sensors revealed that the rainrates/LHR: 1) increased within the inner eye wall region; 2) were mainly convectively generated (nearly a 65% contribution), 3) propagated inwards; 4) extended upwards within the middle and upper-troposphere, and 5) became electrically charged. These factors may have caused the eye wall region to become more buoyant within the middle and upper-troposphere, creating greater cyclonic angular momentum, and, thereby, warming the center and intensifying the system. Radiosonde measurements from Kwajalein Atoll and Guam, sea surface temperature observations, and the European Center for Medium Range Forecast analyses were used to examine the necessary and sufficient condition for initiating and maintaining these inner core convective bursts. For example, the necessary conditions such as the atmospheric thermodynamics (i.e., cold tropopause temperatures, moist troposphere, and warm SSTs [greater than 26 deg]) suggested that the atmosphere was ideal for Paka's maximum potential intensity (MPI) to approach super-typhoon strength. Further, Paka encountered weak vertical wind shear (less than 15 m/s ) before interacting with the westerlies on 21 December. The sufficient conditions, on the other hand, appeared to have some influence on Paka's convective burst, but the horizontal moisture flux convergence values in the outer core were weaker than some of the previously examined tropical cyclones. Also, the upper tropospheric outflow generation of eddy relative angular momentum flux convergence was 4D much less than that found during moderate tropical cyclone/trough interaction. These results indicated how important the external necessary condition and the internal forcing (i.e., CRB cycle) were in generating Paka's convective bursts as compared to the external sufficient forcing mechanisms found in higher latitude tropical cyclones. Later, as Paka began to interact with the westerlies, both the necessary (i.e., strong vertical shear and colder SSTs) and sufficient (i.e., dry air intrusion) external forcing mechanisms helped to decrease Paka's rainrate.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    The Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall within the North Atlantic and Pacific as Observed from Satellites (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Tropical cyclone monthly rainfall amounts are estimated from passive microwave satellite observations in the North Atlantic and in three equal geographical regions of the North Pacific (i.e., Western, Central, and Eastern North Pacific). These satellite-derived rainfall amounts are used to assess the impact of tropical cyclone rainfall in altering the geographical, seasonal, and inter-annual distribution of the 1987-1989, 1991-1998 North Atlantic and Pacific rainfall during June-November when tropical cyclones are most abundant. To estimate these tropical cyclone rainfall amounts, mean monthly rain rates are derived from the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/ Radiometer (SSM/I) observations within 444 km radius of the center of those North Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclones that reached storm stage and greater. These rain rate observations are then multiplied by the number of hours in a given month. Mean monthly rainfall amounts are also constructed for all the other North Atlantic and Pacific raining systems during this eleven year period for the purpose of estimating the geographical distribution and intensity of rainfall contributed by non-tropical cyclone systems. Further, the combination of the non-tropical cyclone and tropical cyclone (i.e., total) rainfall is constructed to delineate the fractional amount that tropical cyclones contributed to the total North Pacific rainfall.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Climate; Sep 13, 1999 - Sep 17, 1999; Boulder, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Tropical Cyclone Paka's Initial Explosive Development (10-12 December, 1997) (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Convection associated with an equatorial westerly wind burst was first observed late November during the strong El Nino of 1997 at approximately 2000 km southwest of the Hawaiian Islands. This region of convection lead to the formation of twin tropical cyclones, one in the southern hemisphere named Pam and the other in the northern hemisphere named Paka. During the first week in December, tropical cyclone Paka, the system of concern, reached tropical storm stage as it moved rapidly westward at relatively low latitudes. During the 10-12 of December, Paka rapidly developed into a typhoon.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Hurricanes; Jan 01, 1999; Dallas,TX; United States
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two Pheromones of Coniferophagous Bark Beetles Found in the Bark of Nonhost Angiosperms (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 805-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; nonhost volatiles ; frontalin ; conophthorin ; 1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ; (E)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Batesian mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles from fresh bark of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa; trembling aspen, P. tremuloides; paper birch, Betula papyrifera; bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum; red alder, Alnus rubra; and Sitka alder, Alnus viridis, were collected on Porapak Q and subjected to coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analyses by utilizing the antennae of several scolytid beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, D. rufipennis, D. ponderosae, Ips pini, and Dryocoetes confusus). Among the antennally active volatiles identified by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis were frontalin, 1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane, in the two Alnus species and conophthorin, (E)-7-methyl-1,6-diox-aspiro[4.5]decane, in the other four species. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that conophthorin had a significant disruptant effect on the response to a pheromone-host kairomone blend by both Dendroctonus pseudotsugae and D. ponderosae. Our results, and the recent identification of other scolytid pheromones in various tree species, pose major questions regarding the evolution and ecological roles of these semiochemicals, including the possibility of Batesian mimicry by the beetles. They also suggest a need for comparative studies on the biosynthetic pathways for these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020892700653
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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