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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of magnetic switching in submicron magnetic-tunnel junctions at low frequency (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5267-5269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Understanding the magnetic switching behavior in micron and submicron scale specimens is important for a number of applications. In this study, magnetic-tunnel junctions of various sizes and shapes were fabricated and their switching behavior was studied in detail. Using exchange bias to offset the magnetic response of one electrode, the response of the other (free) electrode was determined from measurements of junction resistance. Switching threshold curves were measured by sweeping magnetic fields in both easy and hard direction. Single domain like switching was observed in some of our smallest submicron junctions. The observed behavior was compared with predictions from the Stoner–Wohlfarth rotational model and from numerical calculations. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369850
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of a cone-penetrometer-compatible probe and housing: The LLNL Raman probe (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 3735-3743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An integrated infinity-focused fiber optic probe designed for cone penetrometer and hand-held use and constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories is described and evaluated for performance. Throughput efficiency is calculated, distance dependence, background levels, and sensitivity to heterogeneity in samples is evaluated. Representative spectra are presented that make use of the major performance advantages of this probe, which are (a) background rejection, (b) low sample light fluences, (c) distant viewing, (d) sample penetration, and (e) sample averaging capability. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149985
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling of soil nutrient budgets: an assessment of agricultural sustainability in Nepal (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Sustaining soil fertility under agricultural intensification and expansion onto marginal lands is a significant challenge in the Nepalese Middle Mountains. In a detailed watershed study it was shown that the overall soil fertility is poor, forest soils display the poorest conditions as a result of biomass removal, and sustaining agriculture is questionable due to the transformation from traditional to multiple cropping systems. Parent material is a significant factor influencing low phosphorus status while insufficient inputs create deficiencies in total carbon, nitrogen and bases. A nutrient budget model was developed to assess inputs, redistribution and losses relative to soil fertility. Yield, input and management data obtained from farm interviews, and soil analysis data were used in the calculation of nutrient budgets. Results from modelling indicate declining soil fertility under rainfed agriculture, forest and rangelands, and marginal conditions under irrigated agriculture subject to intensive cultivation. Nutrient deficits were relatively low for irrigated rice-wheat systems, which benefit from nutrient inputs via sediments and irrigation waters, but the introduction of triple cropping showed greater deficits. Nutrient balances were most critical under rainfed maize production where 94% of the farms were in deficit. Current shortages of organic matter make elimination of nutrient deficits problematic but improvement of composting, biological N-fixation and fertilizer efficiency and reducing erosion were found to be potential options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1999.tb00072.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective area oxide desorption by electron irradiation in a H2 ambient on GaAs (100) (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 950-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The selective area removal of oxides from the surface of exposed GaAs (100) has been achieved by irradiating the sample with a broad, low energy electron beam in a H2 ambient. It is proposed that electrons dissociate the molecular hydrogen to create ionized species which react with the surface. The surfaces of samples decontaminated at 365 °C, up to electron energies of 200 eV, were undamaged as revealed by atomic force microscopy. Moreover, quantum well structures epitaxially grown on these surfaces exhibited luminescence. A possible reaction mechanism responsible for the oxide removal is described. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123419
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive-ion-etched gallium nitride: Metastable defects and yellow luminescence (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 3285-3287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Gallium nitride has been reactive-ion etched with SF6 and argon plasmas. The Ar-etched samples show a striking transition from a dominant blue luminescence band to a dominant yellow luminescence band after less than 5 min of low power illumination. The observation of metastable defects which are associated with both the yellow and blue bands has important consequences for our understanding of defect-related luminescence in gallium nitride. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125326
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrically active defect centers induced by Ga+ focused ion beam irradiation of GaAs(100) (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 74 (1999), S. 576-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electronic nature of defect centers induced by 30 keV Ga+ focused ion beam irradiation of GaAs(100) has been studied in situ by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The defect centers were identified as electron traps lying below the surface state conduction band, each with an active area of approximately 20 nm2. An areal ion beam dose of 1×1013 cm−2 was sufficiently low that no significant surface sputtering was observed by topographic imaging which suggests that the features observed by STS are not related to gross physical damage. Spatial STS measurements also allow a lateral profile of a focused ion beam patterned line to be determined accurately, thereby setting a resolution limit on the direct write technique for nanoscale lithography. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.123150
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chamber Assessment of Formaldehyde and VOC Emissions from Wood-Based Panels (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Volatile organic emissions from particleboard, medium density fibreboard (MDF) and office furniture have been measured in dynamic environmental chambers, both small and room-sized. Characterisation of product emission properties in small chambers was possible when inter- and intra-sheet variations were considered. Formaldehyde emission factors for all products were approximately double European low-emission specifications and did not decay to the latter for several months. Long-term emission behaviour could not be predicted from short-term measurements. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions were low for the MDF product, higher for particleboard, and highest for laminated office furniture. The compounds emitted differed from those reported in other countries. VOC emissions from the sheet products decreased more quickly than formaldehyde, reaching low levels within two weeks, except for MDF which was found to become a low-level source of hexanal after several months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-1-00008.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Pollutant Emissions from Dry-Process Photocopiers (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Processes involved in pollutant emissions from a dry-process photocopier have been investigated in a controlled room dynamic environmental chamber. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions occurred at a constant rate dependent on copy speed. However, VOC emission rates per copy were increased by increases in chamber temperature (e.g., a 20% increase resulted from increasing temperature from 23°C to 32°C) or changing from single- to double-sided operation (40% increase). Respirable particle emissions occurred under copier-idle mode (probably from residues in the machine) as well as with copying. No significant chamber sink effects were observed for VOCs or respirable particles. Small emissions of nitrogen dioxide, ozone and formaldehyde were observed but were difficult to interpret. A procedure for assessing pollutant emissions from photocopiers is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00005.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACOUSTIC OBSERVATIONS OF ARNOUX'S BEAKED WHALE (BERARDIUS ARNUXII) OFF KEMP LAND, ANTARCTICA (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00789.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the Tribolium Deformed ortholog and its ability to directly regulate Deformed target genes in the rescue of a Drosophila Deformed null mutant (1999)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Deformed ; Drosophila ; Embryogenesis ; Tribolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have analyzed the Tribolium castaneum ortholog of the Drosophila homeotic gene Deformed (Dfd) and determined its expression pattern during embryogenesis in this beetle. Tc Deformed (Tc Dfd) is expressed in the blastoderm and the condensing germ rudiment in a region that gives rise to gnathal segments. During germ band extension Tc Dfd is expressed in the mandibular and maxillary segments, their appendages, and the dorsal ridge. Comparison of insect Dfd protein sequences reveals several highly conserved regions. To determine whether common molecular features reflect conserved regulatory functions we used the Gal4 system to express the Tribolium protein in Drosophila embryos. When Tc Dfd is expressed throughout embryonic ectoderm under the control of P69B, the beetle protein autoregulates the endogenous Dfd gene. In addition, the Drosophila proboscipedia gene (a normal target of Dfd) is ectopically activated in the antennal and thoracic segments. We also compared the ability of the beetle and fly proteins to rescue defects in Dfd – mutants by expressing each throughout the embryonic during embryogenesis. Both proteins rescued Dfd – defects to the same extent in that they each restore the development of mouth hooks and cirri, as well as cause gain-of-function abnormalities of posterior mouth parts. As before, pb was ectopically activated in the antennal segment. This is the first demonstration of the ability of a heterologous homeotic selector protein to directly regulate a target gene independent of an endogenous Drosophila autoregulatory loop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050269
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