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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (89)
  • American Physical Society  (86)
  • Springer Nature  (10)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (131)
  • 1990-1994  (60)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution in the spinal cord of the trigeminal primary projections in the frog Rana ridibunda was studied by means of the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Upon entering the medulla via the single trigeminal root, a conspicuous descending tract that reaches the cervical spinal cord segments is established. This projection arises in the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) trigeminal nerve subdivisions. In the spinal cord, only a minor somatotopic arrangement of the trigeminal fibers was observed, with the fibers arising in V3 terminating somewhat more medially than those from V1 and V2. A dense projection to the medial aspect of the spinal cord, above the central canal, primarily involves V3. Each trigeminal branch sends projections at cervical levels to the contralateral dorsal field, and those from V2 are most abundant. Bilateral experiments with HRP application show convergence of primary trigeminal and spinal afferents within the dorsal field of the spinal cord.The pattern of arrangement of the trigeminal primary afferent fibers in the spinal cord of this frog largely resembles that of amniotes. However, the organization seems simpler and the slight somatotopic distribution of V1, V2, and V3 fibers is similar to the condition in other anamniotes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
  • 3
    Publication Date: 1997-11-01
    Print ISSN: 1063-651X
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3787
    Topics: Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 36 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The occurrence of larvae of Limnephiluscoenosus and L. vittatus (Trichoptera) was recorded in 103 rock pools both before and after the dry periods in spring–summer (April–May and July–early August), when a great number of the pools dried out. In early spring, 84% of the pools sampled contained larvae of at least one of the species. Limnephilus coenosus larvae were present in a higher proportion of pools that later dried out than in the permanent ones, while L. vittatus larvae were predominantly found in permanent pools. Larvae of both species were found together in 31% of the inhabited pools.2. Laboratory experiments, designed to elucidate differential survival under drought conditions, demonstrated that the organic cases of L. coenosus larvae held water more efficiently than did the mineral L. vittatus cases. Full-grown (fifth instar) L. coenosus larvae also survived dry conditions better than did L. vittatus larvae. The higher survival of L. coenosus was due to a combination of drought-resistant case material and a higher survival ability of the larvae themselves.3. Limnephilus vittatus larvae were restricted by their low capability to withstand desiccation, although case material and food were available for L. vittatus larvae in all pools. Absence of case material and high-quality food in many pools, however, restricted the presence of L. coenosus larvae, but this species did not suffer from heavy mortality because of desiccation and all pool populations of L. coenosus survived until pupation.4. The differences in species composition in these temporary and permanent pools can be explained by the differential site selection by ovipositing females, as well as by larval survival. The intrinsically greater survival of L. coenosus larvae during drought, together with the water-retaining properties of the cases, allowed this species to exploit stressful and risky habitats, such as temporary pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: [14C]-Imazethapyr was applied as a seed treatment and at plant pre-emergence and post-emergence to peas (Pisum sativum L.) parasitized by Orobanche crenata Forsk. Herbicide uptake increased with time regardless of the application method. Uptake reached about 98%, 89%, 81% and 94% of the total herbicide applied for the seed coating, seed soaking, pre-emergence and post-emergence treatments respectively. Herbicide translocation within the host plants consistently differed between O. crenata-infected and non-infected plants. High levels of 14C activity were accumulated by parasitic plants from the host. In non-infected pea plants, pods were stronger sinks for imazethapyr than the other parts of the plant, regardless of the application method. The herbicide distribution in the pea plant: O. crenata complex showed the same pattern regardless of the application methods. However, accumulation of radioactivity in the parasite was lower with pre-emergence and post-emergence application than with the seed treatments. In addition, radioactivity concentration in O. crenata plants was slightly higher when [14C]-imazethapyr was applied to pea seeds by coating than by soaking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 30 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of rearing density on growth, metamorphosis and behavioural patterns of feeding in bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, tadpoles. Stage 25 (Gosner) tadpoles from a single cohort were stocked at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 L–1 in 6-L plastic containers. A combination of phytoplankton and supplementary feed was used. There was an inverse relationship between rearing density and growth and metamorphosis above two organisms L–1. Tadpoles reared at 0.5 and 1.0 L–1 reached the metamorphic climax in 135 and 120 days, respectively, whereas more than 80% of all tadpoles reared at 4 and 8 L–1 did not metamorphose at all. Intraspecific competition appeared to be consistent among the cultured organisms regardless of the rearing density. Smaller tadpoles were displaced to sites distant from feeding points during supplementary feed addition, while no displacement was observed during phytoplankton addition. It is concluded that bullfrog tadpoles grow well at up to two organisms L–1 and that intraspecific competition is present within cultured tadpoles regardless of stocking density and may result from intrinsic genetic variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerases (UDPGLEs) are enzymes that convert UDP-glucuronate into UDP-galacturonate. Although the presence of UDPGLEs has been reported in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, the genes coding for these enzymes are completely unknown. The galacturonic acid-containing capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 1 is synthesized through the action of a specific UDPGLE. We have constructed a defined deletion mutant in the cap1J gene (one of the 15 cap1 genes responsible for the synthesis of the type 1 capsule) that exhibited an unencapsulated phenotype. This mutant was unable to synthesize UDPGLE, suggesting that Cap1J was the type 1-specific UDPGLE of S. pneumoniae. Escherichia coli cells harbouring the recombinant plasmid pRMM38 (cap1J ) overproduced a 40 kDa protein, characterized as Cap1J on the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, and expressed high levels of enzymatically active Cap1J epimerase. Cap1J was partially purified, although purification to electrophoretic homogeneity inactivated the enzyme irreversibly. The enzyme has the following characteristics: Kmfor UDP-glucuronate, 0.24 mM; pH optimum, 7.5; equilibrium constant (in the direction of UDP-galacturonate formation), 1.3; and an approximate Mr of 80 000 for the active form. The Cap1J protein exhibited a fluorescence emission spectrum similar to that of NADH. Upon inactivation with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, the addition of NAD+ and 2-mercaptoethanol were sufficient to reactivate the enzyme. Among several compounds tested, UDP-galactose and UDP-xylose exhibited the highest inhibition of the UDPGLE activity. Inactivation of UDPGLE activity was also observed in the presence of UMP and several reducing sugars. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a thoroughly molecular characterization of a UDPGLE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We report here the molecular organization of the capsular locus (cap1 ) of the type 1 pneumococcus. This locus is located between dexB and aliA and flanked by IS1167 insertion elements. Sequence analysis showed that the cluster contains 11 genes (cap1A to cap1K ), which are apparently arranged as a single transcriptional unit. The presence of a functional promoter (cap1p ) located upstream of cap1A has been demonstrated and the transcription start point was mapped by primer-extension analysis. A 14.3 kb fragment containing the genes cap1ABCDEFGHIJK and including cap1p was sufficient to allow the synthesis of a type 1 capsule in Streptococcus pneumoniae. An internal deletion of cap1E leads to an unencapsulated phenotype demonstrating that this gene is essential for capsular production. The cap1K gene has been expressed in Escherichia coli resulting in UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDP-GlcDH) activity. Moreover, this gene was able to restore the synthesis of type 3 capsule when cloned into a plasmid and introduced by transformation into S. pneumoniae cap3A mutants deficient in UDP-GlcDH. In marked contrast with what was previously thought, recombination between cap1K and cap3A does occur. We provide data on the molecular mechanism that leads to the formation of binary encapsulated pneumococcal cells, i.e. strains that simultaneously produce type 1 and type 3 capsules. Downstream of cap1K, one truncated and three complete open reading frames homologous to those involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose, a monosaccharide that does not participate in the formation of type 1 polysaccharide, have been identified in all the clinical strains of type 1 pneumococcus tested. Our results provide new insights into the generation of capsule diversity in pneumococci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 41 (1997), S. 721-729 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Poly(β-L-aspartate)s ; helical conformations ; quantum mechanical calculations ; cooperative energy effects ; helix stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational preferences of the monomeric units of a series of poly(α-alkyl-β-L-aspartate)s were examined by quantum mechanical calculations. α-Alkyl-β-aspartamyl m-oligopeptides with a number of residues m ranging from 1 to 7 and arranged in the conformations experimentally observed for their corresponding polymers were computed. Both their total relative energies and their cooperative energy differences were compared as a function of the length of the oligopeptide and the nature of the alkyl side group. Results revealed that the 13/4 helical arrangement is the most stable structure for the isolated polymer chain for any side group, although a 17/4 helix becomes favored in the case of methyl and ethyl groups due to the packing effects. On the other hand, the stability of the 4/1 helix appears to be the preferred conformation for side groups with a branched constitution. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 41: 721-729, 1997
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