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  • American Chemical Society  (22)
  • Springer  (21)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (6)
  • Oxford University Press  (4)
  • Emerald  (2)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 1998  (55)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1998-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0020-1669
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-510X
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 10 (1998), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Simulations of decaying compressible turbulent flows have been performed using the PPM algorithm on grids of 5123 and 10243 computational cells. Although the run on the finer grid has not yet been carried out to a time large enough for the spectra to relax fully, it adds significantly to the results on the coarser grid by lengthening the range of wave numbers in which the flow exhibits a self-similar character. There is an inertial range of scales in the decaying flow on the finer mesh that is free from direct effects of dissipation, forcing, boundary conditions, or initial conditions. Favre averaging of the high resolution data is performed on different scales from which the vorticity structures in the inertial range may be visualized and characterized without confusion from the smaller-scale features of the near dissipation range. We find that the vorticity structures of the inertial range are filamentary as well, but qualitatively different—shorter and more curved—than those of the dissipation range. Quantitative evidence of the action of vortex stretching in developed turbulence is also presented. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 1410-1422 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Characterization of the plasma density and temperature at the last closed flux surface (the separatrix) of a tokamak requires accurate knowledge of the location of the separatrix. In this paper we discuss the effect of inaccuracy in the separatrix location on the measured parameters in DIII-D [Luxon et al., International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), p. 159] An uncertainty in the separatrix position of ±0.5 cm, as expected in this device using magnetic reconstruction to determine the location of the separatrix, leads to unacceptably large uncertainty in the plasma parameters. Several techniques to improve the accuracy obtained from magnetic reconstruction are discussed. A new technique that is based on a characterization of the electron temperature profile is proposed. A comparison of the separatrix location defined in this manner with that obtained using magnetic reconstruction techniques suggests a systematic error in the reconstruction when the plasma is far from the walls and magnetic diagnostics. Determination of the perpendicular transport coefficients is given as an example of the improved statistics obtained using the new technique of defining the separatrix position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The radiation of divertor heat flux on DIII-D [J. Luxon et al., in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), p. 159] is shown to greatly exceed the limits imposed by assumptions of energy transport dominated by electron thermal conduction parallel to the magnetic field. Approximately 90% of the power flowing into the divertor is dissipated through low-Z radiation and plasma recombination. The dissipation is made possible by an extended region of low electron temperature in the divertor. A one-dimensional analysis of the parallel heat flux finds that the electron temperature profile is incompatible with conduction-dominated parallel transport. Plasma flow at up to the ion acoustic speed, produced by upstream ionization, can account for the parallel heat flux. Modeling with the two-dimensional fluid code UEDGE [T. Rognlien, J. L. Milovich, M. E. Rensink, and G. D. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196–198, 347 (1992)] has reproduced many of the observed experimental features. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 4311-4320 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The importance of radial particle flow on the power flowing across the last closed flux surface (separatrix) in DIII-D [Luxon et al., International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), Vol. I, p. 159] is considered. The perpendicular thermal diffusivity at the separatrix is near 1 m2/s in low confinement operation (L-mode), and 0.1 m2/s in high confinement (H-mode). The particle diffusivity is about one-fourth of the thermal diffusivity producing radial particle fluxes of the order of kilo-amperes. The particle flux is 10 to 100 times the particle input from neutral beam sources, consistent with core fueling being dominated by neutral recycling. The radial particle flux scales with the neutral pressure in the private flux region, suggesting the core is fueled predominantly from neutrals which recycle from the divertor, through the private flux, and into the core near the singular point where the poloidal field is zero (X-point). There is significant core power loss associated with the large particle flux across the separatrix. The electron temperature measured at the top of the edge pedestal in H-mode operation scales inversely with the particle flux. In turn, the core energy confinement scales with the pedestal temperature, and hence inversely with the particle flux. The results presented here indicate the global particle confinement time is between 0.5 and 2 times the global energy confinement time. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Here Z, a 60 TW/5 MJ electrical accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories, has been used to implode tungsten wire-array Z pinches. These arrays consisted of large numbers of tungsten wires (120–300) with wire diameters of 7.5 to 15 μm placed in a symmetric cylindrical array. The experiments used array diameters ranging from 1.75 to 4 cm and lengths from 1 to 2 cm. A 2 cm long, 4 cm diam tungsten array consisting of 240, 7.5 μm diam wires (4.1 mg mass) achieved an x-ray power of ∼200 TW and an x-ray energy of nearly 2 MJ. Spectral data suggest an optically thick, Planckian-like radiator below 1000 eV. One surprising experimental result was the observation that the total radiated x-ray energies and x-ray powers were nearly independent of pinch length. These data are compared with two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic code calculations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3113-3117 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We report ultrashort pulse, 1 kHz repetition rate x-ray generation in the 5–20 keV spectral region, induced by the interaction of laser radiation with copper nitrate solution and ethylene glycol liquid-jet targets. The characteristics of the copper nitrate source are relevant for application to time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies as well as for spectroscopic x-ray absorption studies. The x-ray sources were operated uninterrupted for in excess of 5 h with no detectable buildup of debris on the associated optics. The x-ray flux generated by both sources is estimated to be of the order of 106 photons s−1 sr−1 in the 5–20 keV region. The spectra have been measured with both a PIN photodiode, and with transmission measurements taken using aluminum filters. We find that the plasma emission has a broadband component attributed to bremsstrahlung emission, with the bulk of the x-ray emission emitted from the chamber lying between 5 and 20 keV for both sources. The copper nitrate emission, however, delivers a dominant emission peak at 9 keV, attributed to the characteristic K emission of copper. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 30 (1998), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Management training for international students is an increasingly large, but competitive and volatile, global market. Training providers need to ensure that they are market-oriented and avoid an ethnocentric approach. Programme delivery needs to take account of the national context in which students are, or will be, working. Potential action points are identified that may help improve the quality of management training in particular. Developing a positive reputation is part of the marketing process. In-house training of lecturing staff in the special needs of international students may be necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Industrial and commercial training 30 (1998), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 0019-7858
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Employee participation is in the news because of the stakeholder concept and European legal developments. Argues that for most employees what matters is the working relationship with their boss, rather than indirect forms of representation, such as works councils. If employers are genuine about participation, the prime area of attention needs to be the day-to-day behaviour of line managers. This necessitates reviewing the performance, selection and training of line managers. This is also necessary if indirect forms of participation are to work as they too depend on effective and co-operative line management. Participation also needs to be examined in the context of organisational and national culture and the pressures on an organisation at particular points in time. Too often the topic is addressed as though the objectives can be achieved simply through mechanistic/legal imposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 17 (1998), S. 195-218 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this two-part study we present a new design methodology for neural classifiers. The design procedure utilizes a multiclass vector quantization (MVQ) algorithm for information extraction from the training set. The extracted information suffices to specify the hidden layer in a canonical neural network architecture. The extracted information also leads to the specification of neuron inhibition rules and subsequently the design of the hidden layer-to-output map. In Part I of the study we focus attention on the MVQ algorithm and how it is used to extract information from a training set. The extracted information is referred to as thecodebook. The codebook is used to directly specify the hidden layer. This specification can take the form of a perceptron layer, a radial basis layer, or a heterogeneous layer involving a mixture of neuron types. These and otherh-layer specifications are determined directly from the same extracted information. The MVQ codebook also suffices to scale the activation function of each neuron. In Part II we consider the nonsimplistic hidden layer-to-output map design. We note that the MVQ algorithm, as it extracts information, decomposes the design set into disjoint neighborhoods. For each neighborhood we identify subsets of the hidden layer neurons, which are significant sensors for the neighborhood. For each such subset we construct an output map. Inhibition rules are established to ensure that the proper output map is activated. In benchmark simulations the overall design exhibits excellent performance, to the extent that we are hard pressed to identify bounds on performance, if any.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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