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  • Articles  (109)
  • Springer  (62)
  • Wiley  (40)
  • American Physical Society  (7)
  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (109)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1998  (109)
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  • Articles  (109)
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Years
  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (109)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weighting GPS Dual Frequency Observations: Bearing the Cross of Cross-Correlation (1998)
    Springer
    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 28-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A proper choice of the observation weight matrix is of importance for both adjusting and testing GPS data. Our understanding of the noise characteristic of GPS observations, on which the weight matrix should be based, is, however, still underdeveloped. This makes it difficult to draw up an appropriate weight matrix. The first and foremost purpose of this contribution is therefore to draw attention to the need to improve upon our rudimentary knowledge of the GPS stochastic model. To this end, results will be presented of a relatively simple case study in which the possible presence of cross-correlation between observables is considered. With these results we hope to spur further discussion and research on this important topic. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00000033
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male chaffinches(Fringilla coelebs) can copy calls from a tape tutor (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 353-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, daß Buchfinken, die von Artgenossen isoliert aufgezogen wurden, keine Regenrufe entwickelten und daß sowohl der Regenruf als auch der charakteristische „pink“-Ruf starke regionale Unterschiede zeigten. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wird die Hypothese getestet, daß der Regenruf des Buchfinken während der Individualentwicklung gelernt wird und daß „pink“-Rufe, obwohl sie von isoliert gehaltenen Vögeln entwickelt werden, auch durch Lernen modifizierbar sind. Handaufgezogenen, schottischen Buchfinkenmännchen wurden während der sensitiven Phasen für das Gesangslernen entweder Rufe aus Schottland (n=3 Männchen) oder aus Korsika (n=3 Männchen) vorgespielt. Im Juli 1995 und im Februar/März 1996 wurden 30 s vor und nach zwei täglichen Tonbandgesangsvorspielen auch fünf Wiederholungen eines Regenrufs, dem zwei „pinks“ folgten, präsentiert (Vorspiele insgesamt: Regenrufe 350, „pinks“ 700). Im Frühjahr 1996 (d.h. der ersten Brutsaison der jungen Männchen) wurden regelmäßig Tonbandaufnahmen jedes Individuums erstellt. Nur drei Männchen entwickelten einen Regenruf. In allen Fällen ähnelten die Regenrufe dem des jeweiligen Tutors (Abb. 1). Die „pink“ Rufe in den beiden Versuchsgruppen glichen ebenfalls mehr dem Vorbild als denen der anderen Gruppe. Diese Beobachtungen bestätigen, daß Regenrufe von Vorbildern kopiert werden und daß „pink“-Rufe, obwohl sie auch von in Isolation aufgezogenen Individuen entwickelt werden, ebenfalls durch Lernen modifizierbar sind.
    Notes: Summary The chaffinchFringilla coelebs shows variation in two call types, the rain call and the chink. This has long led to the suggestion that these call types are subject to learning. To test this in the laboratory, male hand-reared chaffinches (n=6) were exposed to different rain calls and chinks recorded a) near St. Andrews, Scotland and b) in Corsica, both during the first three weeks after independence and for a further three weeks in their first breeding season. Not all subjects developed rain calls, but two that did produced ones that clearly resembled their Corsican tutor's call, and their chink was also Corsican rather than Scottish in form. This is the first experimental confirmation of the long standing suggestion that rain calls are learned and also provides evidence that learning plays an important role in chink development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01653346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal structures of (p-ClPh)3PO and (p-OMePh)3PO, including an analysis of the P-O bond in triarylphosphine oxides (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 893-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Phosphine oxides ; bond orders ; structure-correlation ; IR force constants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of the compounds tris(para-chlorophenyl)phosphine oxide {(p-ClPh)3PO} and tris(para-methoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide {(p-OMePh)3PO} were determined by X-ray diffraction methods. (p-ClPh)3PO crystallizes in the space group P-1 (no. 2) with a = 11.828(2), b = 12.645(2), c = 14.072(2) Å, α = 97.90(1), β = 109.45(1), γ = 115.43(1), V = 1692.3(2) Å3 and Z = 4. The mean O–P and C–P distances are 1.481(6) and 1.806(2) Å, respectively, and the mean C–P–C angle is 106.5(1.1). (p-OMePh)3PO crystallizes in the space group P21/c (no. 14) with a = 18.8642 (10), b = 10.3999(5), c = 21.3462(16) Å, β = 115.414(6)°, V= 3782.6(4) Å3, and Z = 8. The mean O–P and C–P distances are 1.484(5) and 1.798(4) Å, respectively, and the mean C–P–C angle is 106.5(1.0). These two structures were analyzed along with the previously determined structures of triphenylphosphine oxide {Ph3PO} and tri-p-tolylphosphine oxide {(p-MePh)3PO}, and IR data were collected on all four compounds. Both the observed P–O distances and the IR stretching frequencies for these triarylphosphine oxides support the interpretation of the P–O bond as having substantial multiple-bond character, with a bond order between 1.7 and 1.8. The para-substituents on these triarylphosphines were shown to have a statistically insignificant effect on the P–O bond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022850503138
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moving Coframes: I. A Practical Algorithm (1998)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 51 (1998), S. 161-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: moving frame ; differential invariant ; Lie group ; Lie pseudogroup ; equivalence ; symmetry ; computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This is the first in a series of papers devoted to the development and applications of a new general theory of moving frames. In this paper, we formulate a practical and easy to implement explicit method to compute moving frames, invariant differential forms, differential invariants and invariant differential operators, and solve general equivalence problems for both finite-dimensional Lie group actions and infinite Lie pseudo-groups. A wide variety of applications, ranging from differential equations to differential geometry to computer vision are presented. The theoretical justifications for the moving coframe algorithm will appear in the next paper in this series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005878210297
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Affine-Invariant Distances, Envelopes and Symmetry Sets (1998)
    Springer
    Geometriae dedicata 71 (1998), S. 237-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9168
    Keywords: symmetry set ; affine invariance ; skew symmetry ; singularities ; dual map ; affine invariant distance ; conics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Affine invariant symmetry sets of planar curves are introduced and studied in this paper. Two different approaches are investigated. The first one is based on affine invariant distances, and defines the symmetry set as the closure of the locus of points on (at least) two affine normals and affine-equidistant from the corresponding points on the curve. The second approach is based on affine bitangent conics. In this case the symmetry set is defined as the closure of the locus of centers of conics with (at least) 3-point contact with the curve at two or more distinct points on the curve. This is equivalent to conic and curve having, at those points, the same affine tangent, or the same Euclidean tangent and curvature. Although the two analogous definitions for the classical Euclidean symmetry set are equivalent, this is not the case for the affine group. We present a number of properties of both affine symmetry sets, showing their similarities with and differences from the Euclidean case. We conclude the paper with a discussion of possible extensions to higher dimensions and other transformation groups, as well as to invariant Voronoi diagrams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005099011913
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equidistribution and Brownian motion on the Sierpiński gasket (1998)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 125 (1998), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: 60B99 ; 11K06 ; diffusion processes ; fractals ; discrepancy ; uniform distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce several concepts of discrepancy for sequences on the Sierpiński gasket. Furthermore a law of iterated logarithm for the discrepancy of trajectories of Brownian motion is proved. The main tools for this result are regularity properties of the heat kernel on the Sierpiński gasket. Some of the results can be generalized to arbitrary nested fractals in the sense of T. Lindstrøm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01332824
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thick lava flows of Karisimbi Volcano, Rwanda: insights from SIR-C interferometric topography (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 60 (1998), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Karisimbi ; Virunga ; Viscous lava flows ; Lava rheology ; Remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We use a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from interferometrically processed SIR-C radar data to estimate the thickness of massive trachyte lava flows on the east flank of Karisimbi Volcano, Rwanda. The flows are as long as 12 km and average 40–60 m (up to 〉140 m) in thickness. By calculating and subtracting a reference surface from the DEM, we derived a map of flow thickness, which we used to calculate the volume (up to 1 km3 for an individual flow, and 1.8 km3 for all the identified flows) and yield strength of several flows (23–124 kPa). Using the DEM we estimated apparent viscosity based on the spacing of large folds (1.2×1012 to 5.5×1012 Pa s for surface viscosity, and 7.5×1010 to 5.2×1011 Pa s for interior viscosity, for a strain interval of 24 h). We use shaded-relief images of the DEM to map basic flow structures such as channels, shear zones, and surface folds, as well as flow boundaries. The flow thickness map also proves invaluable in mapping flows where flow boundaries are indistinct and poorly expressed in the radar backscatter and shaded-relief images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050230
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conflict Among Individual Mitochondrial Proteins in Resolving the Phylogeny of Eutherian Orders (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 47 (1998), S. 307-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Mammalian phylogeny — Mitochondrial proteins — Trees of individual proteins — Maximum-likelihood method — ND1 — Convergent evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The phylogenetic relationship among primates, ferungulates (artiodactyls + cetaceans + perissodactyls + carnivores), and rodents was examined using proteins encoded by the H strand of mtDNA, with marsupials and monotremes as the outgroup. Trees estimated from individual proteins were compared in detail with the tree estimated from all 12 proteins (either concatenated or summing up log-likelihood scores for each gene). Although the overall evidence strongly suggests ((primates, ferungulates), rodents), the ND1 data clearly support another tree, ((primates, rodents), ferungulates). To clarify whether this contradiction is due to (1) a stochastic (sampling) error; (2) minor model-based errors (e.g., ignoring site rate variability), or (3) convergent and parallel evolution (specifically between either primates and rodents or ferungulates and the outgroup), the ND1 genes from many additional species of primates, rodents, other eutherian orders, and the outgroup (marsupials + monotremes) were sequenced. The phylogenetic analyses were extensive and aimed to eliminate the following artifacts as possible causes of the aberrant result: base composition biases, unequal site substitution rates, or the cumulative effects of both. Neither more sophisticated evolutionary analyses nor the addition of species changed the previous conclusion. That is, the statistical support for grouping rodents and primates to the exclusion of all other taxa fluctuates upward or downward in quite a tight range centered near 95% confidence. These results and a site-by-site examination of the sequences clearly suggest that convergent or parallel evolution has occurred in ND1 between primates and rodents and/or between ferungulates and the outgroup. While the primate/rodent grouping is strange, ND1 also throws some interesting light on the relationships of some eutherian orders, marsupials, and montremes. In these parts of the tree, ND1 shows no apparent tendency for unexplained convergences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006389
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Generalization of Jumps and Labels (1998)
    Springer
    Higher-order and symbolic computation 11 (1998), S. 125-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0557
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new language feature that is a hybrid of labels and procedures. It is closely related to jumping out of a functional subroutine, and includes conventional labels and jumping as a special, but probably not most useful, case. It is independent of assignment, ie., it can be added to a “purely-functional” (“non-imperative”) system (such as LISP without pseudo-functions or program feature). Experiments in purely functional programming suggest that its main use will be in success/failure situations, and failure actions. This innovation is incorporated in the projected experimental system, ISWIM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010068630801
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of lava effusion rates from Landsat TM data (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 60 (1998), S. 52-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words TM ; Lava flow ; Thermal flux ; Effusion rates ; AVHRR ; Pu'u 'O'o ; Kupaianaha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We present a thermal model to calculate the total thermal flux for lava flowing in tubes, on the surface, or under shallow water. Once defined, we use the total thermal flux to estimate effusion rates for active flows at Kilauea, Hawaii, on two dates. Input parameters were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), field and laboratory measurements. Using these parameters we obtain effusion rates of 1.76±0.57 and 0.78±0.27 m3 s–1 on 23 July and 11 October 1991, respectively. These rates are corroborated by field measurements of 1.36±0.14 and 0.89±0.09 m3 s–1 for the same dates (Kauahikaua et al. 1996). Using weather satellite (AVHRR) data of lower spatial resolution, we obtain similar effusion rates for an additional 26 dates between the two TM-derived measurements. We assume that, although total effusion rates at the source declined over the period, the shut down of the ocean entry meant that effusion rates for the surface flows alone remained stable. Such synergetic use of remotely sensed data provides measurements that can (a) contribute to monitoring flow-field evolution, and (b) provide reliable numerical data for input into rheological and thermal models. We look forward to being able to produce estimates for effusion rates using data from high-spatial-resolution sensors in the earth observing system (EOS) era, such as Landsat 7, the hyperspectral imager, the advanced spaceborne thermal emission spectrometer, and the advanced land imager.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050216
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