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  • General Chemistry  (18)
  • evolution  (3)
  • 1995-1999  (21)
  • 1999  (7)
  • 1998  (14)
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  • 1995-1999  (21)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of Hetaryl Glycosides and Their Glycosyl Donor Properties (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1353-1360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Heterocycles ; Substitution ; Carbohydrates ; Anomeric O-hetarylation ; Glycosylation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anomeric O-hetarylation of tetra-O-benzyl- and tetra-O-acetylglucose (1a, b) can be directly performed with electron-deficient heteroaromatic/heterocyclic systems 2-14, which contain imide halide moieties. The reactions were carried out in the presence of a base and led, through an exchange of the halide by the glucopyranosyloxy moiety, to the products 2a-14a, 7b-14b. Predominantly or exclusively β-products were obtained. Systems bearing more than one imide halide moiety, such as cyanuric fluoride (15) or 5-chloro-2,4,6-trifluoropyrimidine (16), can be employed for successive anomeric O-hetarylations. Investigation of the glycosyl donor properties of O-glucosyl heteroaromatic imidates with 6-O- and 4-O-unprotected glucose derivatives 18 and 19 as acceptors and comparison of the results obtained with data for the corresponding β-trichloroacetimidates 17aβ and 17bβ, reveals that 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridin-4-yl glucopyranosides 14aβ and 14bβ exhibit similar properties. For specific tasks, for instance α-glucopyranoside formation, 14aβ may even be advantageous.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of competitive fitness in experimental populations of E. coli: What makes one genotype a better competitor than another? (1998)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 73 (1998), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: cell size ; competition ; evolution ; fitness ; nutrient specificity ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important problem in microbial ecology is to identify those phenotypic attributes that are responsible for competitive fitness in a particular environment. Thousands of papers have been published on the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of Escherichia coli and other bacterial models. Nonetheless, little is known about what makes one genotype a better competitor than another even in such well studied systems. Here, we review experiments to identify the phenotypic bases of improved competitive fitness in twelve E. coli populations that evolved for thousands of generations in a defined environment, in which glucose was the limiting substrate. After 10000 generations, the average fitness of the derived genotypes had increased by ∼ 50% relative to the ancestor, based on competition experiments using marked strains in the same environment. The growth kinetics of the ancestral and derived genotypes showed that the latter have a shorter lag phase upon transfer into fresh medium and a higher maximum growth rate. Competition experiments were also performed in environments where other substrates were substituted for glucose. The derived genotypes are generally more fit in competition for those substrates that use the same mechanism of transport as glucose, which suggests that enhanced transport was an important target of natural selection in the evolutionary environment. All of the derived genotypes produce much larger cells than does the ancestor, even when both types are forced to grow at the same rate. Some, but not all, of the derived genotypes also have greatly elevated mutation rates. Efforts are now underway to identify the genetic changes that underlie those phenotypic changes, especially substrate specificity and elevated mutation rate, for which there are good candidate loci. Identification and subsequent manipulation of these genes may provide new insights into the reproducibility of adaptive evolution, the importance of co-adapted gene complexes, and the extent to which distinct phenotypes (e.g., substrate specificity and cell size) are affected by the same mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000675521611
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolutionary relationships of rotifers and acanthocephalans (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 287-388 (1998), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phylogeny ; acanthocephala ; rotifera ; bilateria ; evolution ; 18S rRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Advances in morphological and molecular studies of metazoan evolution have led to a better understanding of the relationships among Rotifera (Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea) and Acanthocephala, and their relationships to other bilateral animals. The most accepted morphological analysis places Acanthocephala as a sister group to Rotifera, although other studies have placed Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdellodea or Seisonidea. Molecular analyses using nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes support Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdelloidea, although no molecular data is available for Seisonidea. Combining molecular and morphological analyses of Bilateria leads to a tree with Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala and Gnathostomulida (and probably Gastrotricha) as a sister group to the annelid-mollusc lineage of the Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017060902909
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolutionary relationships of rotifers and acanthocephalans (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 387-388 (1998), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phylogeny ; acanthocephala ; rotifera ; bilateria ; evolution ; 18S rRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Advances in morphological and molecular studies of metazoan evolution have led to a better understanding of the relationships among Rotifera (Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea) and Acanthocephala, and their relationships to other bilateral animals. The most accepted morphological analysis places Acanthocephala as a sister group to Rotifera, although other studies have placed Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdellodea or Seisonidea. Molecular analyses using nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes support Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdelloidea, although no molecular data is available for Seisonidea. Combining molecular and morphological analyses of Bilateria leads to a tree with Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala and Gnathostomulida (and probably Gastrotricha) as a sister group to the annelid-mollusc lineage of the Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017060902909
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses and Properties of S2-Bridged Benzidines (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 2409-2416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Sulfur heterocycles ; Rearrangements ; Reductions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of 1,2-benzodithiino[5,4,3-cde][1,2]benzodithiin-2,7-diamine (1) and dithio-bridged benzidine 2 have been achieved. The starting material for the synthesis of 1 was 1,3-diiodo-5-nitrobenzene (15) which was transformed by conventional means into 1,2-bis[3,5-bis(ethylthio)phenyl]diazane (19). The benzidine rearrangement of 19 in the presence of HBF4 at -30 °C yielded 4,4′-diamino-2,2′,6,6′-tetraethylthiobiphenyl (20) in 50 % yield. Treatment of 20 with sodium in ammonia and work-up in the presence of air yielded 1. The latter compound could be reduced with LiAlH4 to the tetrathiol 20a. The starting material for the preparation of 2 was 3-chloro-1-iodo-5-nitrobenzene (23), a side product of the preparation of 15. It was transformed analogously to the preparation of 1 into 1,2-bis(3-ethylthiophenyl)diazane (28). The benzidine rearrangement of 28 in presence of HBF4 at -30 °C afforded 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bis(ethylthio)biphenyl (29) in 49 % yield. Treatment of 29 with sodium in ammonia and work-up under aerobic conditions yielded 2. Quantitative reduction of 2 to the thiol 29a could be achieved with LiAlH4. The reversible electrochemical reduction of 1 on unmodified glassy carbon electrodes leads to a product to which the structure of 3 was assigned.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polar and Steric Substituent Effects in 5-exo-trig Cyclizations of 1-Aryl-4-penten-1-oxyl Radicals (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 523-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -By mistake wrong concentrations were given in the footnote of Table 1 and in the Discussion. Instead of c0 = 1.2 M read c0 = 0.12 M if 2-naphthalenethiol was used as hydrogen donor and instead of c0 = 1.8 M read c0 = 0.18 M if Bu3SnH was used to trap photoproducts. In Table 2 relative rate constants of radical 2d refer to radical 2e and vice versa as correctly stated in the Discussion. In the Experimental Section (Iodocyclization) read 2.25 g (8.86 mmol) of iodine instead of 2.25 g (1.10 mmol) of iodine.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Novel and Efficient Route towards α-GalNAc-Ser and α-GalNAc-Thr Building Blocks for Glycopeptide Synthesis (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1167-1171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Carbohydrates ; Glycals, nitro ; Michael additions ; Glycosylations ; Glycosides, galactosamine ; Reduction, nitro group ; Glycopeptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Michael addition of serine and threonine derivatives 4a-4c to 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-nitro-D-galactal (1) afforded the corresponding 2-deoxy-2-nitro-α-D-galactopyranosides 5a-5c in good yield and stereoselectivity. 2-deoxy-2-nitroglycosides 5a and 5b were reduced to the 2-acetamido compounds by platinized Raney nickel T4. Manipulation of the protecting groups afforded known N-Fmoc-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-serine (8a) and -threonine (8b), valuable building blocks for O-glycopeptide synthesis.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Aluminum-Nitrogen Bond in Monomeric Bis(amino)alanes: A Systematic Experimental Study of Bis(tetramethylpiperidino)alanes and Quantum Mechanical Calculations on the Model System (H2N)2AlY (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1095-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Aminoalanes ; Alanes ; Ab initio calculations ; 27Al-NMR spectroscopy ; Structure elucidation ; Substituent effects ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of metallated nucleophiles MIY [Y = OR, SR, NR2, PR2, AsR2, CR3, Si(SiMe3)3, R = organyl, H] with bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino)aluminum halides [tmp2AlX, (X = Cl, Br, I)] offer facile access to a variety of bis(amino)alanes of the type tmp2AlY. As indicated by 27Al-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystal structure determina-tions, all of these compounds are monomeric in the solid state, in solution, and in the gas phase. Even Al-E single bonds (E = Si, P, As etc.) that are not commonly encountered are stabilized by the supporting tmp fragments. The results of a systematic analysis of the bonding parameters determined for the tmp2AlY compounds, combined with a quantum mechanical study on model compounds (H2N)2AlY, not only reveal the presence of a highly polar Al-N bond, but at the same time rule out AlN-pp(π) bonding, in contrast to the situation in the analogous tmp2BY compounds. It is shown that the Al-N bond length depends on the acidic character of the protic species HY: the shorter d(Al-N), the less basic is Y.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convenient Glycoside Synthesis of Amino Sugars: Michael-Type Addition to 2-Nitro-D-galactal (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1609-1613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Glycals, nitro ; Michael additions ; Glycosylations ; Glycosides, galactosamine ; Reduction, nitro group ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formation of 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-nitro-D-galactal (3) was readily accomplished starting from tri-O-benzyl-D-galactal (1) by acetyl nitrate addition to 2 and base-promoted acetic acid elimination. Addition of alcohols to 3 under conditions of base catalysis afforded 2-deoxy-2-nitrogalactopyranosides 4a-e in high yields; high α-selectivity was obtained with strong bases, whereas weaker bases furnished mainly the corresponding β-galactopyranosides. Chemoselective nitro group reduction in these glycosides was successfully carried out in the case of disaccharide 4cα using Raney nickel as catalyst, thereby affording after N-acetylation the corresponding 2-acetylamino-2-deoxy derivative 5cα.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium(III) and -rhodium(III) Labeling of Amino Acids with Aromatic Side Chains - The Importance of Relativistic Effects for the Stability of Cp*Irııı Sandwich Complexes (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1991-1998 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Iridium ; Rhodium ; Amino acids ; Sandwich complexes ; Bioorganometallic chemistry ; Relativistic effects ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyliridium(III) and -rhodium(III) sandwich complexes of the type [(η5-Cp*)M(η6-aa)](CF3SO3)2 (M = Ir, Rh; 3-14) containing L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine derivatives (aa) can be prepared by treatment of [(η5-Cp*)ML3] (CF3SO3)2 [L = thf, (CH3)2CO, CH3CN] with the appropriate bioligand in thf for N-protected compounds and in CF3COOH for α-amino acids with unprotected amino groups. Coordination to the Cp*MIII fragments stabilizes the ketonic form of the tyrosine aromatic side chains, leading to a marked enhancement in the acidity of the p-hydroxy function. The crystal structure of [Cp*Ir(ActyrOMe)] (CF3SO3)2 (3b, ActyrOMe = N-acetyltyrosine methyl ester) confirms a marked distortion towards an η5-oxohexadienyl coordination mode as may be gauged from the tilting of the p-OH plane C13/C14/C15 by no less than θ = 12.9° from that of the remaining ring atoms. Facial isomers are present in an effective 1:1 ratio for all tryptophan derivatives. Whereas the Cp*IrIII sandwich complexes of aromatic α-amino acids are stable in polar solvents, rapid decay is observed for analogous Cp*RhIII complexes of N-unprotected derivatives in polar solvents. Comparative nonrelativistic and relativistic all-electron density functional calculations on the cationic sandwich complexes [Cp*M(η6-C6H5Me)]n+ (n = 2, M = Ir, Rh; n = 1, M = Ru) confirm that all three metals bind more tightly to Cp* than to toluene as gauged by the respective force constants (k1 〉 k2). A much larger relativistic enhancement of k2 for M = Ir (279 vs 207 Nm-1) could be responsible for the greater stability of Cp*IrIII complexes in solution.
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