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Morphological and anatomical characterisation of black alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. ectomycorrhizas (1997)

Pritsch, K. ; Munch, J. C. ; Buscot, F.

Springer

Mycorrhiza 7 (1997), S. 201-216

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ISSN: 1432-1890

Keywords: Key words Alder mycorrhizas ; Characterisation of ectomycorrhizas ; Morphology ; Anatomy ; Alnus glutinosa

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Ectomycorrhizal types of black alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.] collected over a 3-year period within an alder forest were characterised by morphological and anatomical features. Of the total of 16 types, 14 are described for the first time in this paper. Eight identified types belong to the genera Russula, Lactarius, Naucoria, and Cortinarius, while eight further types remained unidentified. In some cases, similarities of mantle features indicate relationships to identified mycorrhizas. Mycorrhizas of Naucoria escharoides and N. subconspersa were not distinguished. Two unidentified mycorrhizal types exhibited hyphal mantle structures very similar to these Naucoria species. Within the genus Cortinarius, mycorrhizas of C. cf. helvelloides were easily distinguished from all other Cortinarius-like mycorrhizas described on Alnus, which in general showed little anatomical variation. Two further unidentified mycorrhizas, "Alnirhiza lilacina" and "A. violacea", probably also belong to Cortinarius. The ectomycorrhiza of Russula pumila was the only identified type within the genus Russula, but the unidentified type "Alnirhiza cremicolor" also likely belongs to this genus. Three Lactarius species were present in the experimental plot. Two species (L. obscuratus and L. omphaliformis) had indistinguishable mycorrhizal types, but were easily differentiated from the mycorrhizas of L. lilacinus, which caused intracellular penetration of Hartig net hyphae into epidermal and cortical cells. All other mycorrhizal types of black alder exhibited a paraepidermal Hartig net without penetration of root cells. Two unidentified mycorrhizal types "Alnirhiza atroverrucosa" and "A. cystidiobrunnea", already described from North American Alnus rubra as unnamed morphotypes, showed no similarity to identified mycorrhizas. All 16 mycorrhizal types appeared to be specific or at least typical for alders, since they have not yet been reported from other tree species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050182

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Ecological pre-release risk assessment of two genetically engineered, bioluminescent Rhizobium meliloti strains in soil column model systems (1997)

Schwieger, F. ; Willke, B. ; Munch, J. C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 340-348

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key wordsRhizobium meliloti ; Genetically engineered microorganisms ; Ecological risk assessment ; Soil column model system ; Polymerase chain reaction

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract In order to identify potential ecological risks associated with the environmental release of two Rhizobium meliloti strains, genetically engineered with the firefly-derived luciferase gene (luc), a pre-release greenhouse investigation was conducted. The upper 4 cm of soil columns (30 cm diameter; 65 cm depth), which were filled according to the horizons of an agricultural field (loamy sand), were inoculated with seeds of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and R. meliloti cells at approximately 5×106 cells·g–1 soil. Four treatments were tested: inoculation with a non-engineered wild type strain (2011), strain L33 (luc +), strain L1(luc +, recA–) and non-inoculated controls. The fate of the engineered strains was followed by two methods: (1) selective cultivation and subsequent detection of bioluminescent colonies and (2) PCR detection of the luc gene in DNA, directly extracted from soil. Strain R. meliloti L33 declined to 9.0×104 cfu·g–1 soil within 24 weeks and to 2.8×103 cfu·g–1 soil within 85 weeks in the upper 25 cm of the soil columns. Decline rates for R. meliloti L1 were not significantly different. Vertical distribution analysis of the recombinant cells after 37 weeks revealed that in three of four columns tested, the majority of cells (〉98%) remained above 10 cm soil depth and no recombinant cells occurred below 20 cm depth. However, in one column all horizons below 20 cm were colonized with 2.2×104 to 6.8×104 cfu g–1 soil. Ecological monitoring parameters included organic substance, total nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate, microbial biomass, culturable bacteria on four different growth media and the immediate utilization of 95 carbon sources (BiologGN) by soil-extracted microbial consortia. None of the parameters was specifically affected by the genetically engineered cells.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050323

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Initiation of [36Cl]hexachlorobenzene dechlorination in three different soils under artificially induced anaerobic conditions (1997)

Rosenbrock, P. ; Martens, R. ; Buscot, F. ; [et al.]

Springer

Applied microbiology and biotechnology 48 (1997), S. 115-120

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ISSN: 1432-0614

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Notes: Abstract The potential for reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene was investigated in samples of three different, naturally oxic soils held under conditions of high oxygen deficiency. The soils were water-saturated and the influence on dechlorination of adding different electron donors, a surfactant and an anaerobic microbial consortium was tested. The influence of supplied electron donors seems to depend on the organic matter content of the soils. Dechlorination in the organic-matter-rich soil from Maulach was not affected by amendment with organic electron donors. A release of about 40% chloride within 140 days was observed for this soil in all biotic-treated assays. By contrast, the organic-matter-poor soil of Eppingen showed no dechlorination in unamended assays. However, when it was supplemented with organic electron donors dechlorination of 2%–37% occurred within 140 days, depending on the type of electron donor. Complex substrate (wheat strawdust), from which carbon is slowly liberated, gave the best results. These two soils had an indigenous dechlorinating anaerobic microflora, whereas the third soil (Rastatt) required inoculation with an anaerobic consortium for dechlorination. The addition of electron donors alone did not cause dechlorination in this sandy soil. The addition of a surfactant (Tween 80) to increase the bioavailability of hexachlorobenzene did not enhance dechlorination. This process was not inhibited by inherent alternative electron acceptors in soil (NO3−, SO4 2−, Fe3+). The dechlorination did not require methanogenic conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051025

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Enhancing the mineralization of [U-14C]dibenzo-p-dioxin in three different soils by addition of organic substrate or inoculation with white-rot fungi (1997)

Rosenbrock, P. ; Martens, R. ; Buscot, F. ; [et al.]

Springer

Applied microbiology and biotechnology 48 (1997), S. 665-670

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ISSN: 1432-0614

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Notes: Abstract The potential for aerobic mineralization of [U-14C]dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) was investigated in samples of three different agricultural soils already contaminated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) by industrial activities. The influence of amendments, i.e. wheat straw and compost, and of soil treatment by inoculation with lignolytic fungi, grown on wheat straw substrate, was tested. All the soils tested contained an indigenous DD-mineralizing microflora. The soil characterized by the highest organic matter content and the highest content of soil microbial biomass displayed the best DD mineralization of 36.6% within 70 days, compared with the two organic-matter-poor soils with an endogenous DD mineralization of 19.5% and 23.3% respectively. Amendments with compost increased DD mineralization up to 28% in both soils with low organic matter and microbial biomass content, but did not affect mineralization in the organic-matter-rich soil. Addition of wheat straw had no constant influence on DD mineralization in the soils tested. The best DD mineralization resulted from inoculation with lignolytic white-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus sp. Florida, Dichomitus squalens) and with an unidentified lignolytic fungus, which was isolated originally from a long-term PCDD/F-contaminated soil. A mineralization of up to 50% within 70 days was reached by this treatment. The influence of inoculated fungi on mineralization differed between the soils investigated.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051113

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