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  • Chemistry  (22)
  • Water samples  (2)
  • Nederland
  • 1995-1999  (23)
  • 1997  (23)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Solid-phase extraction ; Gas chromatography ; Ion trap tandem mass spectrometry ; Water samples ; Environmental analysis ; Pesticides ; Bromide ; Nitrite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary On-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatographyion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS/MS) has been used for the trace-level determination of polar and apolar pesticides. The SPE-GC interface, an Autoloop 2000, was operated at an injection temperature of 90°C which permitted the determination of thermolabile pesticides such as carbofuran and carbaryl. Rectilinear calibration curves were obtained for the analytes tested over a range of 0.1–500 ng L−1, using a sample volume of 10–100 mL for enrichment on an SPE cartridge packed with styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. The detection limits for the pesticides were in the 0.01–4 ng L−1 range. For a number of pesticides acceptable tandem mass spectra were obtained at levels as low as 0.1 ng L−1 level in real-life water samples. As a demonstration of the applicability of this technique for inorganic anions, bromide and nitrite were converted into 4-bromoacetanilide and 2-phenylphenol, respectively. The reaction products were pooled and subjected to simultaneous analysis by the present method using full-scan mass spectrometric detection. The detection limits were 0.3 and 2 ng L−1, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex mixing flows and mixing parameters are calculated to evaluate mixing quality on the basis of kinematic parameters together with a statistical analysis. The results allow for a comparative evaluation in terms of geometry and flow parameters. The evaluation is limited to two-dimensional flows with moving boundaries in periodic motion such as the flow in the cross section of a twin-cam mixer. The finite-element calculation requires a remeshing procedure for every time step with special techniques to upgrade mixing variables from one time step to the next. The relative mixing quality of single cam and co: or counterrotating cam devices are compared by evaluating segregation scale, length stretch, and efficiency. The numerical results exhibit a good correspondence with their experimental counterpart.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 588-597 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical tools for the analysis of complex 3-D mixing devices were developed. Calculations are based on the finite-element method. The flow calculation is combined with that of pathlines for a fairly large number of material points; along these pathlines, relevant kinematic variables, which are then subjected to a statistical treatment, are evaluated. These numerical techniques are applied to the analysis of a Kenics mixer. It is assumed that the geometry is periodic in the axial direction, that is, that the mixer contains an infinite number of blades; the finite-element analysis may then be completed on a single wavelength of the geometry. To test the accuracy of the three-dimensional calculation, a Kenics device was mounted in order to mix clays of different colors, and photographs of experimental cross-sections were compared with numerical results showing concentration maps. A statistical treatment was performed on some 8,000 material points crossing the entry section to evaluate mixing quality.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 339 (1997), S. 646-649 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-GC ; Partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; Organochlorines ; PCBs ; Fatty matrices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Off-line normal-phase LC has been used for the clean-up of compounds in our laboratory for several years. On-line coupling of this LC system, which typically yields 12 ml fractions, is not possible due to its large fraction volume. The maximum transfer volume in on-line LC-GC/ECD is approx. 300 μl. Therefore down-scaling of the LC system was attempted in order to reach these low fraction volumes. Miniaturization resulted in a 240 μ1 LC fraction containing the analytes of interest, which is transferred to GC/ECD via an on-column interface. Sensitivity requires that a minimum amount equivalent to 1-2 mg of sample should reach the GC detector; the selectivity is determined by the separation between the matrix and the last eluting target analyte.For the analysis of fatty samples, limitations were observed in the separation of dieldrin from triglycerides. Other organochlorine compounds, e.g. polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), the DDT group, HCB and the HCHs can be analyzed with RSDs of 2-4 % (n = 10) at concentration levels of sub-μ/kg in milk fat using a 3 μm Hypersil silica 50 × 1.0 mm i.d. LC column.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Continuous liquid-liquid extraction ; Environmental applications ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The applicability of a liquid-liquid extraction system which is coupled on-line with a capillary gas chromatograph was studied for environmental and ecotoxicological analyses. The optimized and automated system was used for the determination of apolar and rather non-volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples. Relevant aspects of sample introduction, phase separation and selection of extraction solvent are discussed. Three routine-tipe applications are described, viz. an improved method for the determination of hexachlorocyclohexanes in ground water and the determination of the so-called NCC-ether and ACC-ether in ecotoxicological studies. Depending on the application studied, the concentration levels varied from 0.1 to 6000 μg/I, using ECD and/or FID detection. Typical coefficients of variation obtained with the total extraction-GC procedure were 2-25%.The system was found to be rugged, it saves time compared with set-ups involving off-line liquid-liquid extraction and considerably reduces the manual work load.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on stress corrosion cracking of austenitic steels in cold chloride solutionsAt ambient temperatures of about 25°C austenitic chromium nickel steels can suffer stress corrosion in media with a concentration of both hydrogen ions and chloride ions exceeding 1 mol/L or in strongly concentrated chloride solutions. With the aid of constant strain rate testing and with U-bend specimens the parameters of this types of corrosion were investigated. Contrary to the situation with the acid solutions, the reproducibility of test results with the concentrated chloride solution was found to be low. The formation of martensite by cold working was found to be essential. The corrosion susceptibility decreases with increasing nickel content.Stress corrosion takes place within small critical potential ranges without a limit to more positive potentials as this is the case of stress corrosion with hot media. These potential ranges are widened with increasing cold working especially in the case of strongly grinding or cyclic loading in the plastic range.Corrosion cracking was observed with solutions of MgCl2, LiCl, with a less amount with NaCl, but not with ZnCl2. The concentration of chloride ions have an effect for solutions with a given kind of salt, but not for different salt solutions.
    Notes: Bei austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen kann transkristalline Spannungsrißkorrosion bei 25°C auftreten, wenn sowohl die Wasserstoffionen- als auch die Chloridionen-Konzentration etwa 1 mol/L überschreiten oder wenn stark konzentrierte Chloridlösungen vorliegen. Die Parameter dieser Korrosion wurden mit CERT-Versuchen und mit Bügelproben untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den sauren Lösungen ist die Reproduzierbarkeit bei den konzentrierten Lösungen gering, wobei im wesentlichen die Bildung von Verformungsmartensit die Korrosionsanfälligkeit bestimmt, die mit ansteigendem Nickelgehalt abnimmt.Die Spannungsrißkorrosion findet in begrenzten Potentialbereichen statt und ist im Gegensatz zu der Spannungsrißkorrosion in warmer Medien zu positiveren Potentialen hin begrenzt. Die Potentialbereiche können mit zunehmender Kaltverformung ausgeweitet werden, wobei eine grobe Schleifbehandlung und zyklische Belastungen im plastischen Bereich die Rißbildung begünstigen.Rißbildung wurde in Lösungen mit MgCl2, LiCl und im geringen Ausmaß auch mit NaCl, nicht aber mit ZnCl2 beobachtet, wobei die Konzentration der Chlorid-Ionen nur innerhalb einer Salzart, nicht aber bei den verschiedenen Lösungen einen erkennbaren Einfluß hat.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of parts used for microelectronics applicationsManifestations of corrosion on parts used in microelectronics occur for different reasons and are frequently described in literature. They are not only caused by operational circumstances but are also favoured by the production process. Investigations have been carried out to ascertain the cause of the failure of several circuit boards used in the operation electronics of the preparation unit for kitchen waste water. During microscopic and electronmicroscopic observations of failed circuit boards, different corrosion types have been found, mainly on the surface of a commonly used Sn-Pb-alloy. Hence, potentiostatic and free-corrosion experiments under laboratory conditions have been performed using the employed Sn-Pb-alloy. In order to simulate the increased concentration of harmful substances at the surface of the boards, the medium used contained a high percentage of the substances found in the surroundings of the unit. From the measured values of current density for different potentials and the observed corrosion on the sample's surface, conclusions as to the reported failure of the electrical operation system have been made. During the experiments under laboratory conditions, manifestations of corrosion similar to those found on the surface of the failed circuit boards have been observed. Based on these results, it seems likely that pitting and selective corrosion of the Sn-Pb-alloy led to the failure of the investigated circuit boards and, therefore, of the operation electronics.
    Notes: Korrosionserscheinungen an Bauteilen der Mikroelektronik treten aus unterschiedlichen Gründen auf und sind in der Literatur beschrieben. Sie werden nicht nur durch die Betriebsumstände hervorgerufen, sondern werden nicht selten auch durch die Fertigung begünstigt. Untersuchungen zum Ausfall mehrerer Platten, die in der Steuerungselektronik einer Fettaufbereitungsanlage für Großküchenabwässer zum Einsatz gekommen sind, wurden durchgeführt. Bei der licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Betrachtung der ausgefallenen Platine wurden verschiedene Korrosionserscheinungen gefunden, die hauptsächlich an dem eingesetzten Lötwerkstoff auftraten. Aus diesem Grund sind an der als Lötstoff eingesetzten Zinn-Blei-Legierung unter Laborbedingungen potentiostatische Halteversuche und Versuche hei freier Korrosion mit Medien durchgeführt warden, welche die Schadstoffe der Umgebungsluft der Anlage in erhöhten Mengen beinhalten, um damit ein Aufkonzentrieren an den Oberflächen der Platine zu simulieren. Anhand der ermittelten Stromdichte-Werte für verschiedene Potentiale und der Korrosionserscheinungen an den Proben werden Rückschlüsse auf den vorliegenden Schadensfall gezogen. Bei den unter Laborbedingungen durchgeführten Versuchen werden ähnliche Korrosionserscheinungen beobachtet, wie sie an den Bauelementen der ausgefallenen Platinen gefunden wurden. Es wird aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse Vermutet daß Lochfraß und selektive Korrosion der Sn-Pb-Legierung ursächlich für den Ausfall der untersuchten Platinen der Steuerungselektronik ist.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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