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  • Chemistry  (22)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3)
  • Capillary electrophoresis  (2)
  • 42.75
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • 1995-1999  (24)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1997  (24)
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Publisher
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  • 1995-1999  (24)
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Chiral separtions ; Chromane ; Cyclodextrin ; Screening design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Six different cyclodextrins with varying cavity size and rim substitution were used as chiral agents for the enantiomeric separation of eight chromane compounds or analogues using capillary electrophoresis. It is shown that the cyclodextrin type and concentration have a large influence on the enantiomeric separation obtained for these compounds. A chiral resolution of 1.4 or better could be obtained for all the substances with either substituted heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin or unsubstituted γ-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector. The influence of the γ-cyclodextrin concentration, ionic strength and pH on the chiral separations was also investigated with a multivariate screening design. The detection limit and resolution of the present method allow determinations of the investigated compounds down to a chiral impurity of less than 0.1 % (area/area).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; On-line LC-CE ; Sample pretreatment ; Matrix effects ; Benzoic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Various methods are currently under investigation to improve concentration detection limits in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Stacking and isotachophoresis coupled in-line with free-solution electrophoresis are the techniques most frequently used. Samples containing a high and/or varying salt concentration, such as urine and serum, are difficult to handle: usually a significant loss in electrophoretic efficiency is observed compared with samples possessing a low electric conductivity. In the present paper an alternative approach is developed, i.e. a liquid chromatographic (LC)-type of sample pretreatment is coupled on-line with CE. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, the separation of three model compounds (benzoates) in water containing up to 400 mM of sodium chloride is studied using a 50 mM borate CE buffer of pH 9.5. The direct injection of samples with high salt concentrations in CE results in peak splitting and/or serious band broadening. These problems are not encountered when using the present LC-CE system. In addition, the detection limits are hardly influenced by the salt concentration of the sample; this underlines the robustness of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 577-587 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex mixing flows and mixing parameters are calculated to evaluate mixing quality on the basis of kinematic parameters together with a statistical analysis. The results allow for a comparative evaluation in terms of geometry and flow parameters. The evaluation is limited to two-dimensional flows with moving boundaries in periodic motion such as the flow in the cross section of a twin-cam mixer. The finite-element calculation requires a remeshing procedure for every time step with special techniques to upgrade mixing variables from one time step to the next. The relative mixing quality of single cam and co: or counterrotating cam devices are compared by evaluating segregation scale, length stretch, and efficiency. The numerical results exhibit a good correspondence with their experimental counterpart.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 588-597 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical tools for the analysis of complex 3-D mixing devices were developed. Calculations are based on the finite-element method. The flow calculation is combined with that of pathlines for a fairly large number of material points; along these pathlines, relevant kinematic variables, which are then subjected to a statistical treatment, are evaluated. These numerical techniques are applied to the analysis of a Kenics mixer. It is assumed that the geometry is periodic in the axial direction, that is, that the mixer contains an infinite number of blades; the finite-element analysis may then be completed on a single wavelength of the geometry. To test the accuracy of the three-dimensional calculation, a Kenics device was mounted in order to mix clays of different colors, and photographs of experimental cross-sections were compared with numerical results showing concentration maps. A statistical treatment was performed on some 8,000 material points crossing the entry section to evaluate mixing quality.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 339 (1997), S. 646-649 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: LC-GC ; Partially concurrent solvent evaporation ; Organochlorines ; PCBs ; Fatty matrices ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Off-line normal-phase LC has been used for the clean-up of compounds in our laboratory for several years. On-line coupling of this LC system, which typically yields 12 ml fractions, is not possible due to its large fraction volume. The maximum transfer volume in on-line LC-GC/ECD is approx. 300 μl. Therefore down-scaling of the LC system was attempted in order to reach these low fraction volumes. Miniaturization resulted in a 240 μ1 LC fraction containing the analytes of interest, which is transferred to GC/ECD via an on-column interface. Sensitivity requires that a minimum amount equivalent to 1-2 mg of sample should reach the GC detector; the selectivity is determined by the separation between the matrix and the last eluting target analyte.For the analysis of fatty samples, limitations were observed in the separation of dieldrin from triglycerides. Other organochlorine compounds, e.g. polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), the DDT group, HCB and the HCHs can be analyzed with RSDs of 2-4 % (n = 10) at concentration levels of sub-μ/kg in milk fat using a 3 μm Hypersil silica 50 × 1.0 mm i.d. LC column.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Continuous liquid-liquid extraction ; Environmental applications ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The applicability of a liquid-liquid extraction system which is coupled on-line with a capillary gas chromatograph was studied for environmental and ecotoxicological analyses. The optimized and automated system was used for the determination of apolar and rather non-volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples. Relevant aspects of sample introduction, phase separation and selection of extraction solvent are discussed. Three routine-tipe applications are described, viz. an improved method for the determination of hexachlorocyclohexanes in ground water and the determination of the so-called NCC-ether and ACC-ether in ecotoxicological studies. Depending on the application studied, the concentration levels varied from 0.1 to 6000 μg/I, using ECD and/or FID detection. Typical coefficients of variation obtained with the total extraction-GC procedure were 2-25%.The system was found to be rugged, it saves time compared with set-ups involving off-line liquid-liquid extraction and considerably reduces the manual work load.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 48 (1997), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation on stress corrosion cracking of austenitic steels in cold chloride solutionsAt ambient temperatures of about 25°C austenitic chromium nickel steels can suffer stress corrosion in media with a concentration of both hydrogen ions and chloride ions exceeding 1 mol/L or in strongly concentrated chloride solutions. With the aid of constant strain rate testing and with U-bend specimens the parameters of this types of corrosion were investigated. Contrary to the situation with the acid solutions, the reproducibility of test results with the concentrated chloride solution was found to be low. The formation of martensite by cold working was found to be essential. The corrosion susceptibility decreases with increasing nickel content.Stress corrosion takes place within small critical potential ranges without a limit to more positive potentials as this is the case of stress corrosion with hot media. These potential ranges are widened with increasing cold working especially in the case of strongly grinding or cyclic loading in the plastic range.Corrosion cracking was observed with solutions of MgCl2, LiCl, with a less amount with NaCl, but not with ZnCl2. The concentration of chloride ions have an effect for solutions with a given kind of salt, but not for different salt solutions.
    Notes: Bei austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen kann transkristalline Spannungsrißkorrosion bei 25°C auftreten, wenn sowohl die Wasserstoffionen- als auch die Chloridionen-Konzentration etwa 1 mol/L überschreiten oder wenn stark konzentrierte Chloridlösungen vorliegen. Die Parameter dieser Korrosion wurden mit CERT-Versuchen und mit Bügelproben untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den sauren Lösungen ist die Reproduzierbarkeit bei den konzentrierten Lösungen gering, wobei im wesentlichen die Bildung von Verformungsmartensit die Korrosionsanfälligkeit bestimmt, die mit ansteigendem Nickelgehalt abnimmt.Die Spannungsrißkorrosion findet in begrenzten Potentialbereichen statt und ist im Gegensatz zu der Spannungsrißkorrosion in warmer Medien zu positiveren Potentialen hin begrenzt. Die Potentialbereiche können mit zunehmender Kaltverformung ausgeweitet werden, wobei eine grobe Schleifbehandlung und zyklische Belastungen im plastischen Bereich die Rißbildung begünstigen.Rißbildung wurde in Lösungen mit MgCl2, LiCl und im geringen Ausmaß auch mit NaCl, nicht aber mit ZnCl2 beobachtet, wobei die Konzentration der Chlorid-Ionen nur innerhalb einer Salzart, nicht aber bei den verschiedenen Lösungen einen erkennbaren Einfluß hat.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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