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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New oviposition stimulants for the diamondback moth in cabbage (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 281-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; diamondback moth ; Plutellidae ; oviposition ; Brassica oleracea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003192203959
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coral Reefs: Progress and change as we approach the 21st Century (1997)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 16 (1997), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050051
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinated Amino Acid Changes in the Evolution of Mammalian Defensins (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. 675 -682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Mammalian defensin — Amino acid — Propiece
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The mammalian defensin molecule is a short, highly cationic peptide cytotoxic to both microbial and mammalian cells which is cleaved from a precursor including a signal peptide and a highly anionic propiece. A phylogenetic analysis of 28 complete sequences from five mammalian species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and human) showed species-specific clusters of sequences, indicating that the genes duplicated after divergence of these species. Comparison of rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution suggested that gene duplication has often been followed by a period in which diversification of the mature defensins at the amino acid level has been selectively favored. In some comparisons, it appeared that amino acid differences in this region have appeared in a nonrandom fashion so as to change the pattern of residue charges. Because it has been hypothesized that the negative charge in the propiece serves to balance the positive charge in the mature defensin and thus to prevent cytotoxicity prior to cleavage, we used a maximum likelihood method of reconstructing ancestral states in order to test whether this balance has been maintained over evolutionary time in spite of rapid diversification of the mature defensin at the amino acid level. Reconstructed ancestral sequences always maintained a charge balance between mature defensin and propiece, and changes in the net positive charge of the mature defensin were balanced by corresponding changes in the propiece. The results support the hypothesis that, in the evolution of these proteins, amino acid changes have occurred in a coordinated fashion so as to preserve an adaptive phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006191
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Major Compositional Transitions in the Vertebrate Genome (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. S044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Base composition — Evolution — Isochores — Orthologous mammalian genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The vertebrate genome underwent two major compositional transitions, between therapsids and mammals and between dinosaurs and birds. These transitions concerned a sizable part (roughly one-third) of the genome, the gene-richest part of it, and consisted in an increase in GC levels (GC is the molar fraction of guanine + cytosine in DNA) which affected both coding sequences (especially third codon positions) and noncoding sequences. These major transitions were studied here by comparing GC3 levels (GC3 is the GC of third codon positions) of orthologous genes from Xenopus, chicken, calf, and man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00000051
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Evolutionary Rates of Introns and Exons in Murine Rodents (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 45 (1997), S. 125 -130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Exons — Introns — Murine rodents — Nucleotide content — Nucleotide substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Analysis of DNA sequences of 132 introns and 140 exons from 42 pairs of orthologous genes of mouse and rat was used to compare patterns of evolutionary change between introns and exons. The mean of the absolute difference in length (measured in base pairs) between the two species was nearly five times as high in the case of introns as in the case of exons. The average rate of nucleotide substitution in introns was very similar to the rate of synonymous substitution in exons, and both were about three times the rate of substitution at nonsynonymous sites in exons. G+C content of introns and exons of the same gene were correlated; but mean G+C content at the third positions of exons was significantly higher than that of introns or positions 1–2 of exons from the same gene. G+C content was conserved over evolutionary time, as indicated by strong correlations between mouse and rat; but the change in G+C content was greatest at position 3 of exons, intermediate in introns, and lowest at positions 1–2 in introns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finance for SMEs: A U.K. Perspective (1997)
    Springer
    Small business economics 9 (1997), S. 151-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provide an overview of recent trends in the financing of smaller businesses in the U.K. It refers in particular to the findings of a major recent programme of work in this area funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, in which the author participated. This programme included the first national survey to address these issues since the Bolton Report of 1971, as well as a range of projects covering the finance of ethnic businesses and hi-tech firms as well as the market for informal venture capital. On the basis of this work and of the results of more recent follow up surveyors it is concluded that the evidence for general equity or debt gaps in the U.K. is weak. If anything SME funding was too easy in the boom of the late 1980s. It is argued that consideration could be given to the promotion through seedcorn funding of SME co-operative or mutual guarantee schemes to reduce information asymmetry in U.K. credit markets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007971823255
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparison of Mercury Levels in Feathers and Eggs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) in the North American Great Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 33 (1997), S. 441-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs and chick feathers were collected for mercury analysis from nests at four Great Lakes study areas in Ontario (three “naturally formed” lakes in southern Ontario and one reservoir in northern Ontario) and two New Jersey study areas in 1991–1994. Adult osprey feathers were sampled from three Great Lakes study areas in 1991. Feathers sampled from chicks (approximately 28–35 days old) appear to be better indicators of local contaminant conditions since spatial patterns of mercury in known prey, yellow perch (Perca flavescens), also collected in these areas, were more similar to chick feathers than to eggs. Mercury levels were less variable in chick feathers than in eggs. Estimates of biomagnification factors using prey of known size at these areas were also less variable in feathers than in eggs. At naturally formed lakes, no significant correlation in mercury levels between eggs and chick feathers from the same nest was apparent, suggesting that the source of mercury contamination was not the same in these two tissues: mercury levels in eggs reflect mercury acquired on the breeding grounds, wintering grounds, and migratory route; mercury levels in chick feathers reflect local dietary conditions on the breeding grounds. Mercury levels in both osprey eggs and chick feathers were higher at the Ogoki Reservoir than at naturally formed lakes. Adult osprey feathers had higher mercury concentrations than chick feathers. Mercury levels in osprey eggs, chick feathers, and adult feathers did not approach levels associated with toxic reproductive effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900275
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemistry and stratigraphic correlation of basalt lavas beneath the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 30 (1997), S. 108-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Stratigraphy ; Basalt ; Geochemistry ; Snake River Plain aquifer ; Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Thirty-nine samples of basaltic core were collected from wells 121 and 123, located approximately 1.8 km apart north and south of the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Samples were collected from depths ranging from 15 to 221 m below land surface for the purpose of establishing stratigraphic correlations between these two wells. Elemental analyses indicate that the basalts consist of three principal chemical types. Two of these types are each represented by a single basalt flow in each well. The third chemical type is represented by many basalt flows and includes a broad range of chemical compositions that is distinguished from the other two types. Basalt flows within the third type were identified by hierarchical K-cluster analysis of 14 representative elements: Fe, Ca, K, Na, Sc, Co, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb, Hf, Ta, and Th. Cluster analyses indicate correlations of basalt flows between wells 121 and 123 at depths of approximately 38–40 m, 125–128 m, 131–137 m, 149–158 m, and 183–198 m. Probable correlations also are indicated for at least seven other depth intervals. Basalt flows in several depth intervals do not correlate on the basis of chemical compositions, thus reflecting possible flow margins in the sequence between the wells. Multi-element chemical data provide a useful method for determining stratigraphic correlations of basalt in the upper 1–2 km of the eastern Snake River Plain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050138
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralogical and geochemical signature of mine waste contamination, Tresillian River, Fal Estuary, Cornwall, UK (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 29 (1997), S. 58-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Mine waste contamination ; Cornwall ; UK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The mineralized district of SW England was one of the world's greatest mining areas, with mining commencing in the Bronze age, peaking in the 1850s to 1890s, but still continuing to the present day. Consequently, it is not surprising that mining has had a major impact on the environmental geochemistry of SW England. In this study, the mineralogical and geochemical signature of mine waste contamination within the Fal Estuary at Tresillian, Cornwall, has been examined. A pulse of mine waste contamination is recognized at approximately 50 cm below present day sediment surface. Sn, As, Cu, Pb, and Zn are all enriched within this contaminated interval with up to 1800 mg kg–1 Sn, 290 mg kg–1 As, 508 mg kg–1 Pb, 2210 mg kg–1 Zn, and 1380 mg kg–1 Cu. Within this interval, the dominant minerals present include chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, cassiterite, Fe–Ti oxides (ilmenite and ?rutile), wolframite, sphalerite, baryte, zircon, monazite, tourmaline and xenotime. In addition, man-made slag products commonly occur. The exact timing of the release of mine waste into the estuary is poorly constrained, but probably occurred during or immediately following the peak in mining activity in the nearby Camborne-Redruth district, which was between 1853 and 1893. The mine waste may have entered the estuary either via the Tresillian River and its tributaries or via Calenick Creek and the Truro River and/or the Carnon River which flows into Rostronguet Creek.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of the magnetosphere to the passage of a coronal mass ejection on March 20–21 1990 (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 671-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The geomagnetic response to the passage of a coronal mass ejection (CME) is studied. The passage of the CME resulted in a storm sudden commencement (SSC) at 2243 UT on March 20 1990 with disturbed magnetic activity during the following 24 h. The auroral, sub-auroral and equatorial magnetic response to the southward turning at 1314 (±5) UT on March 21 and the equatorial response to the southward turning associated with the SSC on 20 March are discussed in terms of existing models. It is found that the auroral and sub-auroral response to the southward turning associated with the SSC is a factor 2 or more quicker than normal due to the shock in the solar wind dynamic pressure. The low-latitude response time to the south-ward turning, characterised by Dst and the magneto-pause current corrected Dst*, is una.ected by the shock. Dst and Dst*, characteristic of the equatorial magnetic field, responded to the 1314 (±5) UT southward turning prior to the first observed substorm expansion phase onset, suggesting that a dayside loading process was responsible for the initial enhancement in the ring current rather than nightside particle injection. The response time of the auroral and sub-auroral magnetic field to the southward turning at 1314 (±5) UT on March 21 is measured at a variety of longitudes and latitudes. The azimuthal propagation velocity of the response to the southward turning varied considerably with latitude, ranging from #x0223C;8 km s−1 at 67°N to ∼4 kms−1 at 55°N. The southward velocity of the equatorward boundary of the northern polar convection pattern has been measured. This velocity was ∼1.2 km s−1 at 1600 MLT, although there was evidence that this may vary at different local times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0671-4
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