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  • Springer  (54)
  • American Physical Society  (44)
  • American Chemical Society  (30)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (4)
  • 1995-1999  (132)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1997  (132)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc(II) tolerance in Escherichia coli K-12: evidence that the zntA gene (o732) encodes a cation transport ATPase (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 25 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A transposon (Tn10dCam) insertion mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated that exhibited hypersensitivity to zinc(II) and cadmium(II) and, to a lesser extent, cobalt(II) and nickel (II). The mutated gene, located between 75.5 and 76.2 min on the chromosome, is named zntA (for Zn(II) transport or tolerance). The metal-sensitive phenotype was complemented by a genomic DNA clone mapping at 3677.90–3684.60 kb on the physical map. Insertion of a kanamycin resistance (KnR) cassette at a Sal I site in a subcloned fragment generated a plasmid that partially complemented the zinc(II)-sensitive phenotype. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the KnR cassette was located within the putative promoter region of an ORF (o732 or yhhO) predicted to encode a protein of 732 amino acids, similar to cation transport P-type ATPases in the Cpx-type family. Inverse PCR and sequence analysis revealed that the Tn10dCam element was located within o732 in the genome of the zinc(II)-sensitive mutant. The zntA mutant had elevated amounts of intracellular and cell surface-bound Zn(II), consistent with the view that zntA+ encodes a zinc(II) efflux protein. Exposure of the zntA mutant to cobalt(II) and cadmium(II) also resulted in elevated levels of intracellular and cell surface-bound metal ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi518.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A motile but non-swarming mutant of Proteus mirabilis lacks FlgN, a facilitator of flagella filament assembly (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 25 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A TnphoA mutant of Proteus mirabilis was isolated, which had lost the ability to swarm, yet was still motile. The transposon had inserted into flgN, a flagella gene encoding a 147-amino-acid protein of undefined function. Proteus flgN is arranged in an operon with the class III anti-σ28 gene, flgM, flanked by the class II genes, flgA, flgBCD and flhBA, and a novel putative virulence-related gene. The flgN mutation caused a substantial reduction in cell surface-associated flagellin, particularly during differentiation to the normally hyperflagellated swarm cell. This was not due to an effect on flagella gene expression or a typical defect in the flagella export apparatus as there was no class III gene downregulation by FlgM feedback, or intracellular flagellin accumulation. Loss of FlgN nevertheless caused a severe reduction in the incorporation of pulse-labelled flagellin into the membrane/flagellum fraction of differentiating cells. Substantial amounts of both non-oligomeric flagellin and flagellin degradation products appeared in the extracellular medium, although the few mature filaments made by the mutant were no more sensitive to proteolysis than those of the wild type. FlgN appeared soluble and active in the cytosol. The data suggest that the function of FlgN is to facilitate the initiation of flagella filament assembly, a role that may be especially critical in attaining the much higher concentration of surface flagellin required for swarming. Proteus FlgN has leucine zipper-like motifs arranged on potential amphipathic helices, a feature conserved in cytosolic chaperones for the exported substrates of flagella-related type III virulence systems. While gel filtration of FlgN from the soluble cell fraction did not establish an interaction with flagellin, it indicated that FlgN may associate with an unknown component and/or form an oligomer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.5021862.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of arginine-43 and arginine-69 of the Hin recombinase catalytic domain in the binding of Hin to the hix DNA recombination sites (1997)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 24 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Hin recombinase mediates the site-specific inversion of a segment of the Salmonella chromosome between two flanking 26 bp hix DNA recombination sites. Mutations in two amino acid residues, R43 and R69 of the catalytic domain of the Hin recombinase, were identified that can compensate for loss of binding resulting from elimination of certain major and minor groove contacts within the hix recombination sites. With one exception, the R43 and R69 mutants were also able to bind a hix sequence with an additional 4 bp added to the centre of the site, unlike wild-type Hin. Purified Hin mutants R43H and R69C had both partial cleavage and inversion activities in vitro while mutants R43L, R43C, R69S, and R69P had no detectable cleavage and inversion activities. These data support a model in which the catalytic domain plays a role in DNA-binding specificity, and suggest that the arginine residues at positions 43 and 69 function to position the Hin recombinase on the DNA for a step in the recombination reaction which occurs either at and/or prior to DNA cleavage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.4141789.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RfaH and the ops element, components of a novel system controlling bacterial transcription elongation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 26 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The RfaH protein controls the transcription of a specialized group of Escherichia coli and Salmonella operons that direct the synthesis, assembly and export of the lipopolysaccharide core, exopolysaccharide, F conjugation pilus and haemolysin toxin. RfaH is a specific regulator of transcript elongation; its loss increases transcription polarity in these operons without affecting initiation from the operon promoters. The operons of the RfaH-dependent regulon contain a short conserved 5′ sequence, the ops element, deletion of which increases operon polarity to an extent similar to that caused by loss of RfaH. The ops element is also present upstream of polysaccharide gene clusters of Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae and Klebsiella pneumoniae and the RP4 fertility operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that this is a widely spread control system. The mechanistic coupling of RfaH and the ops element has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, and we suggest that the ops element recruits RfaH and potentially other factors to the RNA polymerase complex, modifying the complex to increase its processivity and allowing transcription to proceed over long distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.6432014.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New oviposition stimulants for the diamondback moth in cabbage (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 281-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; diamondback moth ; Plutellidae ; oviposition ; Brassica oleracea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003192203959
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coral Reefs: Progress and change as we approach the 21st Century (1997)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 16 (1997), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050051
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coordinated Amino Acid Changes in the Evolution of Mammalian Defensins (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. 675 -682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Mammalian defensin — Amino acid — Propiece
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The mammalian defensin molecule is a short, highly cationic peptide cytotoxic to both microbial and mammalian cells which is cleaved from a precursor including a signal peptide and a highly anionic propiece. A phylogenetic analysis of 28 complete sequences from five mammalian species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and human) showed species-specific clusters of sequences, indicating that the genes duplicated after divergence of these species. Comparison of rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution suggested that gene duplication has often been followed by a period in which diversification of the mature defensins at the amino acid level has been selectively favored. In some comparisons, it appeared that amino acid differences in this region have appeared in a nonrandom fashion so as to change the pattern of residue charges. Because it has been hypothesized that the negative charge in the propiece serves to balance the positive charge in the mature defensin and thus to prevent cytotoxicity prior to cleavage, we used a maximum likelihood method of reconstructing ancestral states in order to test whether this balance has been maintained over evolutionary time in spite of rapid diversification of the mature defensin at the amino acid level. Reconstructed ancestral sequences always maintained a charge balance between mature defensin and propiece, and changes in the net positive charge of the mature defensin were balanced by corresponding changes in the propiece. The results support the hypothesis that, in the evolution of these proteins, amino acid changes have occurred in a coordinated fashion so as to preserve an adaptive phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006191
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Major Compositional Transitions in the Vertebrate Genome (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 44 (1997), S. S044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Base composition — Evolution — Isochores — Orthologous mammalian genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The vertebrate genome underwent two major compositional transitions, between therapsids and mammals and between dinosaurs and birds. These transitions concerned a sizable part (roughly one-third) of the genome, the gene-richest part of it, and consisted in an increase in GC levels (GC is the molar fraction of guanine + cytosine in DNA) which affected both coding sequences (especially third codon positions) and noncoding sequences. These major transitions were studied here by comparing GC3 levels (GC3 is the GC of third codon positions) of orthologous genes from Xenopus, chicken, calf, and man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00000051
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Evolutionary Rates of Introns and Exons in Murine Rodents (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 45 (1997), S. 125 -130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Exons — Introns — Murine rodents — Nucleotide content — Nucleotide substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Analysis of DNA sequences of 132 introns and 140 exons from 42 pairs of orthologous genes of mouse and rat was used to compare patterns of evolutionary change between introns and exons. The mean of the absolute difference in length (measured in base pairs) between the two species was nearly five times as high in the case of introns as in the case of exons. The average rate of nucleotide substitution in introns was very similar to the rate of synonymous substitution in exons, and both were about three times the rate of substitution at nonsynonymous sites in exons. G+C content of introns and exons of the same gene were correlated; but mean G+C content at the third positions of exons was significantly higher than that of introns or positions 1–2 of exons from the same gene. G+C content was conserved over evolutionary time, as indicated by strong correlations between mouse and rat; but the change in G+C content was greatest at position 3 of exons, intermediate in introns, and lowest at positions 1–2 in introns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006211
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finance for SMEs: A U.K. Perspective (1997)
    Springer
    Small business economics 9 (1997), S. 151-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provide an overview of recent trends in the financing of smaller businesses in the U.K. It refers in particular to the findings of a major recent programme of work in this area funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, in which the author participated. This programme included the first national survey to address these issues since the Bolton Report of 1971, as well as a range of projects covering the finance of ethnic businesses and hi-tech firms as well as the market for informal venture capital. On the basis of this work and of the results of more recent follow up surveyors it is concluded that the evidence for general equity or debt gaps in the U.K. is weak. If anything SME funding was too easy in the boom of the late 1980s. It is argued that consideration could be given to the promotion through seedcorn funding of SME co-operative or mutual guarantee schemes to reduce information asymmetry in U.K. credit markets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007971823255
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