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  • Animals  (99)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (69)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 1995-1999  (168)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979
  • 1997  (168)
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  • 1995-1999  (168)
  • 1990-1994
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  • 1
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    Enduring cognitive deficits and cortical dopamine dysfunction in monkeys after long-term administration of phencyclidine (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: The effects of the psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine on the neurochemistry and function of the prefrontal cortex in vervet monkeys were investigated. Monkeys treated with phencyclidine twice a day for 14 days displayed performance deficits on a task that was sensitive to prefrontal cortex function; the deficits were ameliorated by the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine. Repeated exposure to phencyclidine caused a reduction in both basal and evoked dopamine utilization in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region that has long been associated with cognitive function. Behavioral deficits and decreased dopamine utilization remained after phencyclidine treatment was stopped, an indication that these effects were not simply due to direct drug effects. The data suggest that repeated administration of phencyclidine in monkeys may be useful for studying psychiatric disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction and dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex, particularly schizophrenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jentsch, J D -- Redmond, D E Jr -- Elsworth, J D -- Taylor, J R -- Youngren, K D -- Roth, R H -- MH14092/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH44866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RSA K05-MH00643/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):953-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Clozapine/pharmacology ; Cognition/*drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Phencyclidine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*drug effects/metabolism ; Schizophrenia/chemically induced/drug therapy/metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Requirement for macrophage elastase for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: To determine which proteinases are responsible for the lung destruction characteristic of pulmonary emphysema, macrophage elastase-deficient (MME-/-) mice were subjected to cigarette smoke. In contrast to wild-type mice, MME-/- mice did not have increased numbers of macrophages in their lungs and did not develop emphysema in response to long-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Smoke-exposed MME-/- mice that received monthly intratracheal instillations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 showed accumulation of alveolar macrophages but did not develop air space enlargement. Thus, macrophage elastase is probably sufficient for the development of emphysema that results from chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hautamaki, R D -- Kobayashi, D K -- Senior, R M -- Shapiro, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):2002-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Count ; Chemokine CCL2/pharmacology ; Gene Targeting ; Lung/pathology ; Macrophages, Alveolar/*enzymology/physiology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 12 ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Neutrophils ; Plants, Toxic ; Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology ; Pulmonary Emphysema/enzymology/*etiology/pathology ; Smoke/adverse effects ; Smoking/*adverse effects ; Tobacco
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: a primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: In a cell-free apoptosis system, mitochondria spontaneously released cytochrome c, which activated DEVD-specific caspases, leading to fodrin cleavage and apoptotic nuclear morphology. Bcl-2 acted in situ on mitochondria to prevent the release of cytochrome c and thus caspase activation. During apoptosis in intact cells, cytochrome c translocation was similarly blocked by Bcl-2 but not by a caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk. In vitro, exogenous cytochrome c bypassed the inhibitory effect of Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was unaccompanied by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, Bcl-2 acts to inhibit cytochrome c translocation, thereby blocking caspase activation and the apoptotic process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kluck, R M -- Bossy-Wetzel, E -- Green, D R -- Newmeyer, D D -- CA69381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM50284/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM52735/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1132-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9027315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Extracts ; Cell-Free System ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Ovum ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    The costs of animal research: origins and options (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cork, L C -- Clarkson, T B -- Jacoby, R O -- Gaertner, D J -- Leary, S L -- Linn, J M -- Pakes, S P -- Ringler, D H -- Strandberg, J D -- Swindle, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):758-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Financing, Government ; Laboratory Animal Science/*economics/education ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; Veterinary Medicine/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-12
    Description: Variations in maternal care affect the development of individual differences in neuroendocrine responses to stress in rats. As adults, the offspring of mothers that exhibited more licking and grooming of pups during the first 10 days of life showed reduced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone responses to acute stress, increased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA expression, enhanced glucocorticoid feedback sensitivity, and decreased levels of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA. Each measure was significantly correlated with the frequency of maternal licking and grooming (all r's 〉 -0.6). These findings suggest that maternal behavior serves to "program" hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress in the offspring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, D -- Diorio, J -- Tannenbaum, B -- Caldji, C -- Francis, D -- Freedman, A -- Sharma, S -- Pearson, D -- Plotsky, P M -- Meaney, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1659-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H4H 1R3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287218" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Corticosterone/blood/pharmacology ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics ; Feedback ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Grooming ; Handling (Psychology) ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*physiology ; *Maternal Behavior ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics/*metabolism ; Stress, Physiological/*physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: Substance P is released in the spinal cord in response to painful stimuli, but its role in nociceptive signaling remains unclear. When a conjugate of substance P and the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin was infused into the spinal cord, it was internalized and cytotoxic to lamina I spinal cord neurons that express the substance P receptor. This treatment left responses to mild noxious stimuli unchanged, but markedly attenuated responses to highly noxious stimuli and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Thus, lamina I spinal cord neurons that express the substance P receptor play a pivotal role in the transmission of highly noxious stimuli and the maintenance of hyperalgesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mantyh, P W -- Rogers, S D -- Honore, P -- Allen, B J -- Ghilardi, J R -- Li, J -- Daughters, R S -- Lappi, D A -- Wiley, R G -- Simone, D A -- MH56368/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS23970/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS31223/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):275-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory (151), Veterans Administration Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA. manty001@maroon.tc.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Capsaicin ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hyperalgesia/physiopathology/*therapy ; *Immunotoxins ; Injections, Spinal ; *N-Glycosyl Hydrolases ; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism ; Pain/physiopathology ; *Pain Management ; Pain Measurement ; Plant Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1 ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/*cytology/metabolism ; Substance P/*metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time monitoring and control of glucose and lactate concentrations in a mammalian cell perfusion reactor (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 53 (1997), S. 372-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: glucose ; lactate ; on-line monitoring ; mammalian cell culture ; fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On-line monitoring and control of cell culture fermentation is important for optimal and consistent production of biologicals. In this work, glucose and lactate concentrations are monitored on-line using a commercially available analyzer (Model 2700, Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH) during batch and perfusion hybridoma cell fermentation. Cell free samples from the reactor are obtained using a 0.45 μm hollow fiber filtering system placed in a circulation loop. The samples were analyzed at specified times and the data are collected on a computer. A process control strategy was developed to control the concentrations of glucose and lactate in a perfusion reactor where the feed rate is adjusted to maintain their concentrations at desired set points. Hybridoma cells (A10G10) were cultivated in a high density perfusion culture where cell density increased from 2 to 14 million cells/mL. During this period the control algorithm successfully adjusted the perfusion rate while maintaining constant glucose and lactate concentrations. Glucose consumption and lactate accumulation rates as well as net lactate yield on glucose were monitored continuously during perfusion culture. These metabolic rates were observed to be independent of cell concentration and were used for the estimation of viable cell density in the reactor. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 372-378, 1997.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line monitoring and control of methanol concentration in shake-flask cultures of Pichia pastoris (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: methanol sensor ; methanol monitoring and control ; methylotrophic yeast fermentation ; Pichia pastoris ; transferrin ; shake-flask cultures ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris can be used to express recombinant genes at high levels under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Accurate regulation of the methanol concentration in P. pastoris cultures is necessary to maintain induction, while preventing accumulation of methanol to cytotoxic levels. We developed an inexpensive methanol sensor that uses a gas-permeable silicone rubber tube immersed in the culture medium and an organic solvent vapor detector. The sensor was used to monitor methanol concentration continuously throughout a fed-batch shake-flask culture of a P. pastoris clone producing the N-lobe of human transferrin. The sensor calibration was stable for the duration of the culture and the output signal accurately reflected the methanol concentration determined off-line by HPLC. A closed-loop control system utilizing this sensor was developed and used to maintain a 0.3% (v/v) methanol concentration in the culture. Use of this system resulted in a fivefold increase in volumetric protein productivity over levels obtained using the conventional fed-batch protocol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 279-286, 1997.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dissolved oxygen on the metabolic profile of a murine hybridoma grown in serum-free medium in continuous culture (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 54 (1997), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hybridoma ; oxygen ; serum-free medium ; continuous culture ; antioxidant ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The murine B-lymphocyte hybridoma, CC9C10 was grown at steady state under serum-free conditions in continuous culture at dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the range of 10% to 150% of air saturation. Cells could be maintained with this range at high viability in a steady state at a dilution rate of 1 d-1, although with lower cell concentrations at higher DO. A higher specific antibody production measured at higher DO was matched by a decrease in the viable cell concentration at steady state, so that the volumetric antibody titre was not changed significantly. An attempt to grow cells at 250% of air saturation was unsuccessful but the cells recovered to normal growth once the DO was decreased.There was a requirement for cellular adaptation at each step-wise increase in dissolved oxygen. Adaptation to a DO of 100% was associated with an increase in the specific activities of glutathione peroxidase (×18), glutathione S-transferase (×11) and superoxide dismutase (×6) which are all known antioxidant enzymes. At DO above 100%, the activities of GPX and GST decreased possibly as a result of inactivation by reactive oxygen radicals.The increase in dissolved oxygen concentration caused changes in energy metabolism. The specific rate of glucose uptake increased at higher dissolved oxygen concentrations with a higher proportion of glucose metabolized anaerobically. Short-term radioactive assays showed that the relative flux of glucose through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway increased whereas the flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased at high DO. Although the specific glutamine utilization rate increased at higher DO, there was no evidence for a change in the pattern of metabolism. This indicates a possible blockage of glycolytic metabolites into the TCA cycle, and is compatible with a previous suggestion that pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by high oxygen concentrations.Analysis of the oxygen uptake rate of cell suspensions at steady state under all conditions showed a pronounced Crabtree effect which was manifest by a decrease (up to 40%) in oxygen consumption on addition of glucose. This indicates that the degree of aerobic metabolism in these cultures is highly sensitive to the glucose concentration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 153-164, 1997.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative description of migration behavior of porphyrins based on the dynamic complexation model in a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 82-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis ; Dynamic complexation ; Porphyrin ; Additives ; Separation theory ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of an additive (Brij 35) on the mobilities of a group of porphyrin acids is quantitatively characterized based on a 1:1 dynamic complexation model. Varying additive concentration shifts the equilibrium and changes the viscosity of the background electrolyte. The equilibrium constant, the electrophoretic mobility of the free analyte, and the electrophoretic mobility of the complex are identified as the parameters necessary to describe the analytes' migration behavior. Several statistical methods for obtaining these parameters are discussed. The equilibrium constants and complex mobilities are calculated using three different linear regression methods. The weighted y-reciprocal method was preferred because it gives smaller error, and the data points are evenly distributed along the concentration axis. These values are confirmed using a nonlinear regression to ensure that the proper weighting was used in the linear regression plots. The parameters are then used to predict the apparent mobilities of the analytes over the entire additive concentration range, allowing the optimum separation conditions to be identified. For disclike molecules, such as porphyrins, the mobility is determined by the orientation of the molecule in an electric field, in addition to their size and charge. The strength of binding between the porphyrins and Brij 35 depends on the number of binding sites and the solvation shell.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150180117
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