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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (69)
  • Aerospace Medicine  (45)
  • Numerical Methods and Modeling  (44)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • 1995-1999  (158)
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  • 1997  (158)
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  • 1
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    Cardiovascular regulation in microgravity (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The human cardiovascular adaptation to microgravity was investigated in the framework of the German Spacelab D2 mission. Preflight and postflight studies were performed to examine the relationship between disuse atrophy and the function of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Special attention was given to fluid load responses and postflight orthostatic hypotension. The preflight measurements were obtained, in supine and sitting positions. These measurements, carried out in the four D2 crew members, were performed six and nine months before flight and on mission day number five. The results obtained on the male crew showed that the stroke volume data from microgravity are virtually identical to preflight measurements in the sitting position.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: ; 50-53
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE SIGN OF THE DETERMINANT OF THE STRUCTURAL STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR DETERMINATION OF LOADING INCREMENT IN ARC-LENGTH ALGORITHMS (1997)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: nonlinear structural analysis ; arc-length algorithm ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we have proved in theory that the sign of the current stiffness matrix provides a correct indicator for determining the sign of the loading parameter in the arc-length algorithm before the first bifurcation point is encountered, but may not be the case thereafter. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Real-time monitoring and control of glucose and lactate concentrations in a mammalian cell perfusion reactor (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 53 (1997), S. 372-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: glucose ; lactate ; on-line monitoring ; mammalian cell culture ; fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On-line monitoring and control of cell culture fermentation is important for optimal and consistent production of biologicals. In this work, glucose and lactate concentrations are monitored on-line using a commercially available analyzer (Model 2700, Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH) during batch and perfusion hybridoma cell fermentation. Cell free samples from the reactor are obtained using a 0.45 μm hollow fiber filtering system placed in a circulation loop. The samples were analyzed at specified times and the data are collected on a computer. A process control strategy was developed to control the concentrations of glucose and lactate in a perfusion reactor where the feed rate is adjusted to maintain their concentrations at desired set points. Hybridoma cells (A10G10) were cultivated in a high density perfusion culture where cell density increased from 2 to 14 million cells/mL. During this period the control algorithm successfully adjusted the perfusion rate while maintaining constant glucose and lactate concentrations. Glucose consumption and lactate accumulation rates as well as net lactate yield on glucose were monitored continuously during perfusion culture. These metabolic rates were observed to be independent of cell concentration and were used for the estimation of viable cell density in the reactor. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 372-378, 1997.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line monitoring and control of methanol concentration in shake-flask cultures of Pichia pastoris (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: methanol sensor ; methanol monitoring and control ; methylotrophic yeast fermentation ; Pichia pastoris ; transferrin ; shake-flask cultures ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris can be used to express recombinant genes at high levels under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Accurate regulation of the methanol concentration in P. pastoris cultures is necessary to maintain induction, while preventing accumulation of methanol to cytotoxic levels. We developed an inexpensive methanol sensor that uses a gas-permeable silicone rubber tube immersed in the culture medium and an organic solvent vapor detector. The sensor was used to monitor methanol concentration continuously throughout a fed-batch shake-flask culture of a P. pastoris clone producing the N-lobe of human transferrin. The sensor calibration was stable for the duration of the culture and the output signal accurately reflected the methanol concentration determined off-line by HPLC. A closed-loop control system utilizing this sensor was developed and used to maintain a 0.3% (v/v) methanol concentration in the culture. Use of this system resulted in a fivefold increase in volumetric protein productivity over levels obtained using the conventional fed-batch protocol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 279-286, 1997.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dissolved oxygen on the metabolic profile of a murine hybridoma grown in serum-free medium in continuous culture (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 54 (1997), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hybridoma ; oxygen ; serum-free medium ; continuous culture ; antioxidant ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The murine B-lymphocyte hybridoma, CC9C10 was grown at steady state under serum-free conditions in continuous culture at dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the range of 10% to 150% of air saturation. Cells could be maintained with this range at high viability in a steady state at a dilution rate of 1 d-1, although with lower cell concentrations at higher DO. A higher specific antibody production measured at higher DO was matched by a decrease in the viable cell concentration at steady state, so that the volumetric antibody titre was not changed significantly. An attempt to grow cells at 250% of air saturation was unsuccessful but the cells recovered to normal growth once the DO was decreased.There was a requirement for cellular adaptation at each step-wise increase in dissolved oxygen. Adaptation to a DO of 100% was associated with an increase in the specific activities of glutathione peroxidase (×18), glutathione S-transferase (×11) and superoxide dismutase (×6) which are all known antioxidant enzymes. At DO above 100%, the activities of GPX and GST decreased possibly as a result of inactivation by reactive oxygen radicals.The increase in dissolved oxygen concentration caused changes in energy metabolism. The specific rate of glucose uptake increased at higher dissolved oxygen concentrations with a higher proportion of glucose metabolized anaerobically. Short-term radioactive assays showed that the relative flux of glucose through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway increased whereas the flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased at high DO. Although the specific glutamine utilization rate increased at higher DO, there was no evidence for a change in the pattern of metabolism. This indicates a possible blockage of glycolytic metabolites into the TCA cycle, and is compatible with a previous suggestion that pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by high oxygen concentrations.Analysis of the oxygen uptake rate of cell suspensions at steady state under all conditions showed a pronounced Crabtree effect which was manifest by a decrease (up to 40%) in oxygen consumption on addition of glucose. This indicates that the degree of aerobic metabolism in these cultures is highly sensitive to the glucose concentration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 153-164, 1997.
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    Quantitative description of migration behavior of porphyrins based on the dynamic complexation model in a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 82-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis ; Dynamic complexation ; Porphyrin ; Additives ; Separation theory ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of an additive (Brij 35) on the mobilities of a group of porphyrin acids is quantitatively characterized based on a 1:1 dynamic complexation model. Varying additive concentration shifts the equilibrium and changes the viscosity of the background electrolyte. The equilibrium constant, the electrophoretic mobility of the free analyte, and the electrophoretic mobility of the complex are identified as the parameters necessary to describe the analytes' migration behavior. Several statistical methods for obtaining these parameters are discussed. The equilibrium constants and complex mobilities are calculated using three different linear regression methods. The weighted y-reciprocal method was preferred because it gives smaller error, and the data points are evenly distributed along the concentration axis. These values are confirmed using a nonlinear regression to ensure that the proper weighting was used in the linear regression plots. The parameters are then used to predict the apparent mobilities of the analytes over the entire additive concentration range, allowing the optimum separation conditions to be identified. For disclike molecules, such as porphyrins, the mobility is determined by the orientation of the molecule in an electric field, in addition to their size and charge. The strength of binding between the porphyrins and Brij 35 depends on the number of binding sites and the solvation shell.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150180117
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    AN ADAPTIVE AGGLOMERATION METHOD FOR ADDITIVE CORRECTION MULTIGRID (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 887-903 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: multigrid ; adaptive agglomeration ; additive correction ; anisotropic grids ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the computational simulation of fluid flow and scalar transport, multigrid iterative solution techniques often fail or stall when the discrete linearized equations have strongly anisotropic coefficients. In the present work, an adaptive agglomeration algorithm for forming coarse grids is presented that allows multigrid techniques to work efficiently for equation sets with anisotropic coefficients. The adaptive agglomeration is defined by two rules and several guidelines that follow from a physical interpretation of the performance of iterative solvers like Gauss-Seidel. The effectiveness of the adaptive agglomeration algorithm is demonstrated for a wide range of test cases. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Development of a lipoprotein profile using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 1796-1806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Lipoproteins ; Apoproteins ; Ultracentrifuge ; Mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new program for lipoprotein characterization is outlined where capillary electrophoresis (CE) plays a central role in the analysis of intact lipoprotein serum components and the apoprotein domains. The first characterization step involves separation and particle density analysis of very low-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein fractions (VLDL, LDL, HDL) by ultracentrifugation and image analysis. VLDL, HDL, and LDL fractions are analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at low concentrations in the background electrolyte used in the CE analysis is incorporated into the lipoprotein particle without appreciable delipidation, as determined by ultracentrifuge particle density analysis. Increasing the concentration of SDS results in extensive delipidation, resulting in the release of apoproteins (apo) which are detected as components of the electropherogram. Apo B-100 is detected in the delipidated VLDL and LDL fractions along with micelles of the lipids. Micelles from LDL delipidation have uniform charge densities. Apo A-I and A-II are detected in the HDL fraction. A new method for lipoprotein delipidation is introduced where the lipoprotein fraction is adsorbed on a reversed-phase hydrophobic cartridge. Delipidation and recovery of the apoprotein fractions is made by serial clutions with acetonitrile. CE of the lipid-free apoprotein mixture shows the presence of apoC-I,II,III and apoE in the VLDL fraction, and apoA-I,II apoC-I and apoE in the HDL fraction. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis gives the isoform distribution for each apoprotein. The identification of the apoproteins in the electropherograms is the first step in developing a CE-based quantitation method for measuring serum levels of these apoproteins and their distribution between the lipoprotein fractions. The assay described in this paper is being used as a level 2 and 3 cardiac risk profile analysis for individuals with normal lipid profiles who have a documented or family history of cardiovascular disease.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181014
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    Establishment of the human reflex tear two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reference map: New proteins of potential diagnostic value (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 2811-2815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Tears ; Proteome ; Cancer ; Tag Sequencing ; Amino acid analysis ; Lacryglobin ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To understand the changes in protein expression associated with various physiological states as well as the development of pathological eye disease, we have begun to map the protein components of normal human reflex tears. An analytical reference map of normal human reflex tears was created using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) with pH 3.5-10 immobilized pH gradients (IPGs). Micropreparatively loaded gels were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and analysed by a combination of N-terminal sequence tagging and amino acid compositional analysis. Thirty spots were sequence tagged, resulting in identification of six different proteins (lipocalin, lysozyme, lactotransferrin, zinc-α-2 glycoprotein, cystatin S, cystatin SN) that matched to entries in the SWISS-PROT database. A group of N-terminally blocked proteins was clearly identified from SWISS-PROT by amino acid analysis, isoelectric point (pI) and molecular weight (Mr). A number of highly expressed protein components remain unidentified despite being subjected to amino acid analysis and Edman sequencing. A majority of the abundant proteins showed varying degrees of charge heterogeneity attributed to post-translational processing such as glycosylation and N-terminal truncation. We have identified a previously undescribed protein that we have named lacryglobin. This protein displays strong homology with mammaglobin, a protein overexpressed in breast cancer. The discovery of this homologue in tears offers the potential for disease diagnosis by screening tear fluid proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181516
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    Electronic Resource
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    Separation of tumor necrosis factor α isoforms by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 1086-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Immobilized pH gradients ; Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Tumor necrosis factor α ; Glycosylated isoform ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mouse macrophage cell-line RAW264.7, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, was used as a model for the study of the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) isoforms. TNF is synthesised initially as a 26 kDa transmembrane precursor, which is then processed enzymatically by a protease to release a mature molecule of 17 kDa. Dose-dependent production of transmembrane TNF was assessed by fractionation of cell membranes and Western blot analysis followed by autoradiography and densitometry. Isoforms of both the precursor and mature molecules were separated using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis with immobilised pH gradient 3-10 linear gels as the first dimension. After radiolabelling of cells with 35S, both cell-associated and supernate-associated TNF isoforms were immunoprecipitated. A large number of protein spots were visualised on the 2-D gel map, for both the transmembrane and mature TNF species, more than have been detected previously using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The likelihood that these putative isoforms were the result of differential glycosylation was tested by preincubating the cells with tunicamycin. This had the effect of reducing the number of protein spots, notably the higher molecular weight species. There were a number of precursor TNF isoforms that were unchanged upon tunicamycin treatment and these presumably reflect protein modifications other than glycosylation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150180710
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