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  • Springer  (22)
  • Elsevier  (9)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (3)
  • EDP Sciences  (2)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (36)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
  • 1999  (19)
  • 1997  (17)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (36)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A versatile Kelvin probe for dynamic work function change measurements during gas adsorption and in situ film growth experiments (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 3866-3871 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In the present work, we describe a new Kelvin probe for dynamical work function change (ΔΦ) measurements in ultrahigh vacuum. The construction of the Kelvin probe is especially optimized to meet the experimental conditions for gas-adsorption experiments as well as for in situfilm growth investigations during metal deposition. This is realized by a new setup which enables a change of the geometrical orientation of the vibrating reference electrode with respect to the sample surface. The Kelvin probe combined with thermal desorption spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy facilities, forms a powerful tool for film growth analysis. The performance of the instrumentation is demonstrated with some representative test experiments for copper deposition on Pt(111). © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148039
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of photonic crystals by deep x-ray lithography (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 1441-1443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have developed a new microfabrication technique for the construction of three-dimensional photonic crystals. In particular, we used multiple tilted x-ray lithography exposures in order to construct structures with photonic band gaps in the infrared region. First polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resist layers with a thickness of 500 μm were irradiated, then the holes in the resist structure were filled with preceramic polymer and subsequent pyrolysis converts the preceramic polymer into a SiCN ceramic. Theoretical results with fitted values of the dielectric constant are in good agreement with the transmission measurements. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120431
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New assignments in the UV spectroscopy of the small benzene–argonn clusters: The effects of a structure-selective vibrational predissociation (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 1676-1686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper, new experimental results using UV spectroscopy of the small benzene–Arn clusters are presented. We have found evidence for the vibrational predissociation of the S1 state of some of these species on a nanosecond time scale and we propose a new assignment for the UV spectral features of this system. This assignment is consistent with other experimental data and it accounts additionally for the previously reported spectral anomalies, in particular the ionization potential measurements of these species. The two-color R2PI spectra performed can thus be considered as nanosecond pump–probe experiments that allow us to estimate the relaxation rate of the S1state of these clusters. The vibrational relaxation is found to be strongly size and structure dependent: The two isomers [(1/1) and (2/0)] of the n=2 species exhibit different lifetimes differing by at least one order of magnitude. The size dependence of the relaxation process within the one-sided isomer series appears also paradoxical since the relaxation rates of the (3/0) and (4/0) species are found to be smaller than that of the (2/0). These properties are discussed in relationship with the symmetry of these species. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473321
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Film formation of latex dispersions observed with evanescent dynamic light scattering (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 104 (1997), S. 191-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Evanescent dynamic light scattering ; colloidal dispersions ; film formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We have applied evanescent dynamic light scattering (DLS) to study the film formation of polymer latex dispersions. A dynamical glass transition is observed. When the particles fuse, the scattering rate decreases. After fusion, a new fast process (τ r 1 ms) is observed, which is not present in bulk DLS data. We attribute the process to discontinuous relaxation of surface induced stresses (transient micro-cracks).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01182447
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of ions with energies above 100 keV produced by the interaction of a 60-fs laser pulse with clusters (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of experimental and theoretical physics 88 (1999), S. 1122-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1090-6509
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The x-ray spectra of a plasma generated by heating CO2 and Ar clusters with high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses with q las≃1018 W/cm2 are investigated. Spatially resolved x-ray spectra of a cluster plasma are obtained for the first time. Photoionization absorption is observed to influence the spectral line profiles. The recorded features of the x-ray emission spectra definitely indicate the existence of a large relative number of excited ions (≃10−2–10−3) with energies of 0.1–1 MeV in such a plasma. Possible mechanisms underlying the acceleration of ions to high energies are discussed. It is shown that the experimental results can be attributed to the influence of ponderomotive forces in standing waves generated by the reflection of laser radiation from the clusters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.558900
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Setup and Test of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter for Investigations of Flow Behaviour of Polymer Melts (1999)
    Springer
    Mechanics of time-dependent materials 3 (1999), S. 371-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2738
    Keywords: accuracy tests ; Laser Doppler Velocimetry ; polyethylene melts ; slit die ; velocity profiles ; viscosity function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The flow behaviour of a low-density polyethylene melt is investigated in a specifically developed flow channel by means of Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). The used flow channel is a slit die with a planar contraction of 14:1. The investigation of the velocity fields was performed in the steady state of flow. The optics of the LDV system as well as the used frequency analyser proved to be reliable for measurements of velocities down to 250μm/s. By adding TiO2 tracer particles to the pellets the signal quality as well as the signal frequency were improved. It is demonstrated that the Laser Doppler Velocimeter is suited to detect velocities of polymer melts with an error of a few per cent by comparing the measured volume flow rate to the directly determined mass flow rate. Using simple fluid mechanics the viscosity function is obtained by measuring only one velocity profile within the fully developed flow in the slit die. Over a wide range of shear rates the viscosity function obtained via LDV measurement corresponds with the viscosity function which was determined by the classical mass-flow-rate method. Both resulting viscosity functions were additionally checked by performing measurements with a capillary rheometer. The LDV setup described in this paper is a powerful experimental tool to investigate the flow behaviour of polymer melts. Its accuracy and the high spatial and temporal resolution opens a way to get more quantitative insight into the flow of polymer melts and to check the validity of model calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009820500869
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    P-V-T equation of state of lawsonite (1999)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1999), S. 406-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Lawsonite ; Equation of state ; X-ray diffraction ; High-pressure ; High-temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  A pressure-volume-temperature data set has been obtained for lawsonite [CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2.H2O], using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and an externally heated diamond anvil cell. Unit-cell volumes were measured to 9.4 GPa and 767 K by angle dispersive X-ray diffraction using imaging plates. Phase changes were not observed within this pressure-temperature range, and lawsonite compressed almost isotropically at constant temperature. The P-V-T data have been analyzed using a Birch- Murnaghan equation of state and a linear equation of state expressed as β=–1/V0 (∂V/∂P) T . At room temperature, the derived equation of state parameters are: K 0=124.1 (18) GPa K'0 set to 4) and β–1=142.0(24) GPa, respectively. Our results are intermediate between previously reported measurements. The high-temperature data show that the incompressibility of lawsonite decreases with increasing temperature to ∼500 K and then increases above. Hence, the second order temperature derivative of the bulk modulus is taken into account in the equation of state; a fit of the volume data yields K 0=123.9(18) GPa, (∂K/∂T)P=–0.111(3) GPa K–1, (∂2 K/∂T 2)P=0.28(6) 10–3 GPa K–2, α0=3.1(2) 10–5 K–1, assuming K'0=4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050201
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximate solution of normal equations by eigenvalue decomposition (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 73 (1999), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Multivariate Gauss ; Markoff model ; Eigenvalue decomposition ; Principal-component analysis ; Data reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. Geodetic adjustment problems frequently require the solution of large systems of linear equations. An approximation method is presented based on the decomposition of the estimated covariance matrix of the observation matrix, calculated in a pre-processing step, into a system of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Neglecting the non-dominant eigenvalues and the assigned eigenvectors, the matrix of the residuals is approximated applying the synthesis formula of principal-component analysis. Although the number of observation vectors in the multivariate Gauss–Markoff model is drastically reduced, all unknown parameters are estimated approximately. The described method is tested using a numerical example of satellite altimetry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050225
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Fragment Ions by Their Kinetic Energy Gained During Dissociative Ionization by Electron Impact (1999)
    Springer
    Plasmas and polymers 4 (1999), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8978
    Keywords: Plasma mass spectrometry ; organo-silicon compounds ; electron impact ; kinetic excess energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described, which supports the plasma mass spectrometry to distinguish possible sources of ion peaks found in the mass spectrum of the neutral gas. The proposed method is based on the measurement of the kinetic energy which the fragment ions gain during dissociative ionization by electron impact inside the ion source of the spectrometer. This approach is of special interest for applications in plasma processes such as plasma assisted deposition or etching techniques where complicated molecules are involved. The principle of the method is demonstrated and discussed for the examination of various fragment ions as CH3 +, C2H2 +, C2H3 +, C2H5 + and CH3O+ in the neutral gas spectrum of an 13.56 MHz rf discharge in an Argon-Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) mixture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021827426986
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freezing in confined suspensions (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 104 (1997), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Confined fluids ; freezing transitions ; colloidal suspensions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The freezing transition of hard sphere colloids confined between two parallel hard plates is studied for different plate distances ranging from one to two particle diameters. Using Monte Carlo simulations and free volume theory, the full phase diagram is obtained exhibiting solid-to-solid transitions between buckled, rhombic and layered crystals involving several triangular or square layers. While the fluid freezing transition is always strongly first order, both strong and extremely weak transitions occur between different crystalline structures. These predictions should be experimentally observable in confined suspensions of sterically stabilized or highly salted charge-stabilized colloidal particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01182418
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