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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (50)
  • Chemical Engineering  (36)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Alpha-scintillation; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Description; Dredge; DRG; Event label; Identification; Kara Sea; Lake_Uksh_K; Lake Uksh, Karelia, Russia; Mass; NOAA and MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database; NOAA-MMS; Radium; Sedov (1909); Sedov-1934; SEDOV34_74; Width
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999  (104)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1996  (104)
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  • 1995-1999  (104)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone tissue-specific transcription of the osteocalcin gene: Role of an activator osteoblast-specific complex and suppressor hox proteins that bind the OC box (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 61 (1996), S. 310-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: osteocalcin ; transcriptional regulation ; homeodomain protein ; Msx ; bone-specific ; OC box ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone-specific expression of the osteocalcin gene is transcriptionally controlled. Deletion analysis of osteocalcin promoter sequences by transient transfection of osseous (ROS 17/2.8) and nonosseous (R2 fibroblast) cells revealed that the most proximal 108 nucleotides are sufficient to confer tissue-specific expression. By gel mobility shift assays with wild-type and mutated oligonucleotides and nuclear extracts from several different cell lines we identified a novel transcription factor complex which exhibits sequence-specific interactions with the primary transcriptional element, the OC box (nt -99 to -76). This OC box binding protein (OCBP) is present only in osteoblast-like cells. Methylation interference demonstrated association of the factor with OC box sequences overlapping the Msx homeodomain consensus binding site. By assaying several mutations of the OC box, both in gel shift and transient transfection studies using ROS 17/2.8, we show the following. First, binding of OCBP correlates with osteocalcin promoter activity in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Increased binding leads to a 2-3-fold increase in transcription, while decreased binding results in transcription 30-40% of control. Second, homeodomain protein binding suppresses transcription. However, Msx expression is critical for full development of the bone phenotype as determined by antisense studies. Last, we show that one of the mutations of the OC box permits expression of osteocalcin in non-osseous cell lines. In summary, we demonstrate association of at least two classes of tissue-restricted transcription factors with the OC box element, the OCBP and Msx proteins, supporting the concept that these sequences contribute to defining tissue specificity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally Stable Self-assembling Open-Frameworks: Isostructural Cs+ and (CH3)4N+ Iron Germanium Sulfides (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Self-assembling frameworks ; Thermal stability ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Here we report on investigations that have revealed for the first time that the Cs+ ion templates the same metal germanium sulfide open-framework as (CH3)4N+ (TMA+), and that metal complexing agents enhance crystal size by at least two orders of magnitude. The synthesis, structures and thermal properties of Cs2FeGe4S10 ·× H2O and TMA2FeGe4S10 are also described. Both have 3D zinc blende-type open-framework structures. These materials have the same connectivity as TMA2MnGe4S10. The tetrahedral sites in the lattice are alternately substituted by pseudo-tetrahedral Fe2+ and adamantanoid Ge4S104- building blocks, covalently linked together by Fe(μ-S)Ge bridge bonds, to give a tetragonal unit cell. The charge-balance of the anionic framework [Fe-Ge4S10]2- is maintained by either Cs+ or TMA+ ions in the cavity spaces. Synthesis of these materials demonstrates an interesting example of a self-assembly process in which a 3D framework is built from molecular precursors. Water adsorption-desorption cycling from room temperature to 200 °C reveals framework flexibility between larger and smaller tetragonal unit cell 14 isotypes. The compound TMA2FeGe4S10 is stable in nitrogen at 350 °C and under vacuum at 450 °C. The corresponding temperatures for Cs2FeGe4S10 are 530 °C and 630°C; it is stable on cooling to room temperature under vacuum, and after subsequent exposure to air. Six hundred thirty degrees celsius is the highest recorded temperature at which the integrity of a non-oxide framework has been maintained. The framework stability and flexibility of “all-inorganic” Cs2FeGe4S10 provides an encouraging example for researchers interested in developing sulfide-based framework materials with practical applications.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290307
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Synthetic and Theoretical Study of the Aggregation of Amidoaluminium Hydrides: Solid-State Structure of the Trimethylamine Adduct [(Me3Si)2NA1(Cl)(H) · NMe3] (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 545-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alane ; Association ; Hydride ; Amido ; Amide ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The amidoaluminium hydride complexes [(Me3Si)2NA1(X)(H) · NMe3], X = H (1), Cl (2), were prepared by the metallation of bis(trimethylsilyl)amine by Al(X)(H)2 · NMe3 (X = H and Cl). The molecular structure of 2 as a monomeric Lewis base adduct with four-coordinate aluminium centres and terminal amido groups was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination. We also find that bis(trimethylsilyl)amine forms a thermally stable adduct of alane, (Me3Si)2N(H) · AlH3 (3). Ab initio molecular orbital calculations on the possible products arising from these reactions yielding 1 and 2 revealed that the amido-bridged species, {(μ-H2N)Al(X)H}2 (X = H and Cl), are favoured over nitrogen donor Lewis base adduct formation, H2NAl(X)(H) · NH3 (X = H and Cl), and then chloro-bridged, {H2NAl(μ-X)(H)}2, (X = Cl only), and hydrido-bridged species, {H2NAl(X)(μ-H)}2 (X = H and Cl).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290511
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Catalytic Ring-opening Cyclooligomerization (ROC) of Thietane by the Complexes M(CO)5L (M = Cr and W; L = CO, thietane and 1,5,9-Trithiacyclododecane) (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 129 (1996), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thietane ; Catalysis ; Tungsten ; Macrocycle ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The following four compounds have been synthesized: M(CO)5L (3 and 4, where M = Cr and W, and L = H2), W(CO)5(12S3) (5, where 12S3 = 1,5,9-trithia-cyclododecane), and [W(CO)5]2(12S3) (6). The molecular structures of 4 and 5 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Both compounds contain a W(CO)5 group coordinated to one of the sulfur atoms of the hetero-cycle. The ability of the compounds M(CO)6, 1 and 2 (M = Cr and W), and 3 - 5 to catalytically produce ring opening cyclooligomerization (ROC) of thietane into 12S3 and 24S6, (24S6 = 1,5,9,13,17,21-hexathiacyclotetracosane) has been investigated. Compounds 1 - 3 have relatively low activity. Compounds 4 and 5 have the highest activity and selectivity for 12S3 formation. Crystal Data for 4: space group = P212121, a = 12.906(2) Å, b = 13.730(4) Å, c = 6.427(1) Å, Z = 4, 1306 reflections, R = 0.033; for 5: space group = P1¯, a = 12.703(1) Å, b = 13.510(2) Å, c = 5.833(1) Å, α = 101.75(1)°, β = 97.54(1)°, γ = 101.70(1)°, Z = 2, 2225 reflections, R = 0.023.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19961290311
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategy for dynamic process modeling based on neural networks in macroscopic balances (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3403-3418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gray box models combine the short development time of data-driven black box models with extrapolation properties of knowledge-driven first principles models (white box), which in (bio)chemical engineering are always based on macroscopic balances. By modeling the inaccurately known terms in a macroscopic balance with a black box model, one naturally obtains a so-called serial gray box model configuration. The identification data must cover only the input-output space of the inaccurately known terms, and the accurately known terms can be used for reliable extrapolation. In this way, the serial gray box configuration results in accurate models with known extrapolation properties with a limited experimental effort. This strategy is demonstrated for the modeling and control of a pressure vessel using real-time experiments. For this case, the strategy is superior to a black box modeling approach that requires much more data and to a parallel gray box approach that results in a model with poor extrapolation properties. Moreover, neural networks are an accurate and convenient modeling tool for the black part in gray box model configurations, because a very fast noniterative training algorithm is used for training neural networks.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421211
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective viscosities in thin ionic micellar liquid films (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2005-2013 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thin liquid films stabilized by surfactants above the critical micelle concentration exhibit stratification or stepwise dynamic thinning. A continuum hydrodynamic model is outlined for stepwise film thinning that incorporates equilibrium micellar structuring through self-consistent oscillatory disjoining pressures and effective viscosities. Effective viscosities as functions of thickness are evaluated with an extension of the local average density model, considering dilute colloidal suspension shear viscosities and solvent effects. To establish local shear viscosities, structured DFT micellar profiles, coarse-grained densities, and disjoining pressure are used. Ionic micelles and other colloidal systems with repulsive interactions show structured effective viscosities that are generally less than the corresponding homogeneous solution shear viscosity, bounded by the pure solvent viscosity and that of the bulk micellar solution. For 0.1 and 0.2-M sodium dodecylsulfate micellar solutions, the effective viscosities are less than 5 and 10%, respectively, below the homogeneous fluid viscosity, except at small thicknesses, indicating that the micellar film thins faster than a pure water film of the same thickness.Calculated thinning curves closely resemble experimental observations in the stepwise thinning behavior, displaying decreasing slopes and increased step durations at later times. Despite the micellar structuring within the film, the ionic micelles do not contribute appreciably to the viscous resistance of the thinning film. Rather, Reynolds' film thinning is obeyed, with the equilibrium oscillatory disjoining pressures driving the stepwise dynamics. The shear viscosity of the ionic micellar film is well approximated by that of the bulk solution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420721
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of two-stage heterogeneous separation processes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2761-2764 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this article, rigorous mathematical analysis is used to prove that the necessary condition for multiple steady-state solutions to exist in two-stage separation process problems involving ternary mixtures is the tendency of the mixture to exhibit a second liquid phase. The unrealistic solution multiplicity that exists in these problems, when phase splitting is not included in the model equations used to solve them, vanishes when phase splitting is included. The standard specification of reflux ratio and bottoms flow rate has been investigated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421007
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process identification using discrete wavelet transforms: Design of prefilters (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 777-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most advanced control applications rely on good dynamic process models. The performance of the control system depends on the accuracy of the model used. Typically, such models are developed by conducting off-line identification experiments on the process. These identification experiments often result in input-output data with small output signal-to-noise ratio, and using these data results in inaccurate model parameter estimates. Prefilters are used to separate useful information from the noise in the input-output data and to improve parameter estimates. A systematic design procedure for selecting a prefilter using discrete wavelet transforms is presented. The design procedure provides explicit information on the compromises in prefilter design, interpreted in terms of parameter variance and bias. The prefilter design procedure is then applied to identify a second-order output error model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420317
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis and computation of two-dimensional bubble columns (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 301-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments conducted quantify the macroscopic hydrodynamic characteristics of various scale 2-D bubble columns, which include dispersed and coalesced bubble regimes characterized by two flow conditions (4- and 3-region flow) with coherent flow structures. Hydrodynamic behavior is analyzed based on flow visualization and a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. Columns operated in the 4-region flow condition comprise descending, vortical, fast bubble and central plume regions. The fast bubble flow region moves in a wavelike manner, and thus the flow in the vicinity of this region is characterized macroscopically in terms of wave properties. In columns greater than 20 cm in width, the transition from the dispersed bubble flow regime to the 4- and then to 3-region flow in the coalesced bubble regime occurs progressively with gas velocities at 1 and 3 cm/s, respectively. The demarcation of flow regimes is directly related to measurable coherent flow structures. The instantaneous and time-averaged liquid velocity and holdup profiles provided by the PIV system are presented in light of the macroscopic flow structure in various 2-D bubble columns. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the volume of fluid method can provide the time-dependent behavior of dispersed bubbling flows and account for the coupling effects of pressure field and the liquid velocity on the bubble motion. Comparison of computational results with PIV results for two different bubble injector arrangements is satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rigorous model for ion exchange equilibria of strong and weak electrolytes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1911-1924 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thermodynamics-based equilibrium model was developed to describe ion exchange equilibria of strong and weak electrolytes. It is applicable to binary and multicomponent systems, using selectivity coefficients for all ion pairs and distribution coefficients for all neutral species as parameters. The model was successfully tested for a strong-base anion exchange resin with the strong electrolyte NaCl and the weak electrolytes acetic acid and N-acetylmethionine in a wide concentration range. Compared to conventional models, this model is more advantageous because it takes into account the uptake of all species, counterions as well coions and neutral species, thus making it possible to calculate the intraparticle pH. Especially when weak electrolytes are involved and when electrolyte concentrations strongly exceed the resin capacity, it is superior to conventional ones, whereas for dilute systems it converges to the conventional stoichiometric displacement model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420712
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