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  • 1
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    The African AIDS Epidemic (1996)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0036-8733
    Electronic ISSN: 1946-7087
    Topics: Biology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONTRA KEYNES AND CAMBRIDGE. THE COLLECTED WORKS OF F.A. HAYEK. Vol. 9 (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Economic affairs 16 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0270
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1996.tb00524.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of growth under elevated UV-B on photosynthesis and isoprene emission in Quercus gambelii and Mucuna pruriens (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Global change biology 2 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Increasing surface levels of UV-B resulting from stratospheric ozone reduction directly affect tropospheric photochemistry. There may also be indirect tropospheric effects due to changes in emission of organic compounds from vegetation. We treated woody and herbaceous isoprene-emitting species in the field with supplemental UV-B simulating 30% ozone depletion. For Quercus gambelii, photosynthesis and isoprene emission were significantly greater in elevated UV-B treatments when expressed on a leaf area basis, but not on a leaf mass basis. Leaves of Mucuna pruriens, however, showed no significant differences in photosynthesis or isoprene emission between treatments, nor when exposed for 45 min to acute high levels of UV-B. Elevated UV-B during growth did not elicit significant isoprene emission from Acer platanoides, a non-emitting species. Other potential UV-B effects, such as changes in leaf area or species composition, which may influence regional isoprene emissions, should be examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00060.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental consultancy in the UK: structure and implications (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 34 (1996), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The environmental consultancy market is, by any measure, expanding. Yet, what does the future hold for those entering the market? In essence the market will be split between three types of organizations: large environmental consultancies; niche players; and low-cost providers of environmental services. Initial advantage will go to those firms offering services relating to energy efficiency and waste minimization. In the long term, however, advantage will go to those consultancies which are willing to use an active and involved approach with their customers, and at a lower margin than they may take now.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749610113622
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of brazzein, a new sweet protein (1996)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 577-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Brazzein is a sweet protein isolated from a wild African plant Pentadiplandra brazzeana. Brazzein is the smallest (molecular mass = 6473 Da) and the most water-soluble protein sweetener discovered so far and is highly thermostable. Crystals were grown by vapor diffusion using sodium sulfate as a precipitant. They belong to the tetragonal space group I4122 with unit-cell parameters a = b = 61.4, c = 59.6 Å and with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to 1.8 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444995014867
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual pigment diversity in two genera of mantis shrimps implies rapid evolution (Crustacea; Stomatopoda) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 371-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Visual pigment ; Stomatopoda ; Visual ecology ; Evolution ; Photoreceptor ; Retina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Interspecific diversity in the visual pigments of stomatopod crustaceans was characterized using microspectrophotometry. We examined the 10 visual pigments in main rhabdoms in retinas of 3 species of each of two genera of stomatopod crustaceans of the superfamily Gonodactyloidea, Gonodactylus (G. oerstedii, G. aloha, and G. curacaoensis) and Odontodactylus (O. scyllarus, O. brevirostris, and O. “havanensis”). Species were selected to provide a matched diversity of habitats. 2. In each genus, visual pigments varied in λmax in several regions of the retina, as revealed by analysis of variance. The variation within closely related species of the same genus implies that visual pigments can evolve rapidly in stomatopods. 3. In photoreceptors of the peripheral retina, which are devoted to spatial vision, visual pigment λmax decreased as the depth range of the various species increased, a typical pattern for marine animals. In contrast, visual pigment λmax in photoreceptors of retinal regions devoted to polarization vision (midband Rows 5 and 6) is not obviously correlated with the spectral environment, implying that polarization information may be confined to particular spectral ranges. Visual pigments of the tiered rows of the midband, which are committed to spectral analysis, span a larger spectral range in shallow-water than deepwater species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194991
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species interactions at the level of fine roots in the field: influence of soil nutrient heterogeneity and plant size (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 440-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Artemisia tridentata ; Tussock grasses ; Competition ; Roots ; Soil heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interference at the level of fine roots in the field was studied by detailed examination of fine root distribution in small soil patches. To capture roots as they occur in natural three-dimensional soil space, we used a freezing and slicing technique for microscale root mapping. The location of individual roots intersecting a sliced soil core surface was digitized and the identity of shrub and grass roots was established by a chemical technique. Soil patches were created midway between the shrub, Artemisia tridentata, and one of two tussock grasses, Pseudoroegneria spicata or Agropyron desertorum. Some soil patches were enriched with nutrients and others given only deionized water (control); in addition, patches were located between plants of different size combination (large shrubs with small tussock grasses and small shrubs with large tussock grasses). The abundance of shrub and grass roots sharing soil patches and the inter-root distances of individual fine roots were measured. Total average rooting density in patches varied among these different treatment combinations by only a factor of 2, but the proportion of shrub and grass roots in the patches varied sixfold. For the shrub, the species of grass roots sharing the patches had a pronounced influence on shrub root density; shrub roots were more abundant if the patch was shared with Pseudoroegneria roots than if shared with Agropyron roots. The relative size of plants whose roots shared the soil patches also influenced the proportion of shrub and grass roots; larger plants were able to place more roots in the patches than were the smaller plants. In the nutrient-enriched patches, these influences of grass species and size combination were amplified. At the millimeter- to centimeter-scale within patches, shrub and grass roots tended to segregate, i.e., avoid each other, based on nearest-neighbor distances. At this scale, there was no indication that the species-specific interactions were the result of resource competition, since there were no obvious patterns between the proportion of shrub and grass roots of the two species combinations with microsite nutrient concentrations. Other potential mechanisms are discussed. Interference at the fine-root level, and its species-specific character, is likely an influential component of competitive success, but one that is not easily assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329699
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of organic and inorganic phosphates adsorbed on short-range ordered aluminum precipitate (1996)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 31 (1996), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A nonreductive community-level study of P availability was conducted using various forms of adsorbed P. Orthophosphate (Pi), inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) were adsorbed to a short-range ordered Al precipitate. These bound phosphates provided a P source sufficient to support the growth of microbial communities from acidic Brazilian soils (oxisols). Adsorbed IHP, the most abundant form of organic phosphate in most soils, had the lowest bioavailability among the three phosphates studied. Adsorbed G6P and Pi were almost equally available. The amount of adsorbed Pi (1 cmol P kg−1) required to support microbial growth was at least 30 times less than that of IHP (30 cmol P kg−1). With increased surface coverage, adsorbed IHP became more bioavailable. This availability was attributed to a change in the structure of surface complexes and presumably resulted from the decreased number of high-affinity surface sites remaining at high levels of coverage. It thus appears that the bioavailability of various forms of adsorbed phosphate was determined primarily by the stability of the phosphate-surface complexes that they formed, rather than by the total amount of phosphate adsorbed. IHP, having the potential to form stable multiple-ring complexes, had the highest surface affinity and the lowest bioavailability. Bioaggregates consisting of bacteria and Al precipitate were observed and may be necessary for effective release of adsorbed P. Bacteria in the genera Enterobacter and Pseudomonas were the predominate organisms selected during these P-limited enrichments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175073
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracing the interaction of bacteriophage with bacterial biofilms using fluorescent and chromogenic probes (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 331-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biofilms ; bacteriophages T4 and E79 ; Escherichia coli ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; SCLM ; fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Phages T4 and E79 were fluorescently-labeled with rhodamine isothiocyanate (RITC), fluoroscein isothiccyanate (FITC), and by the addition of 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to phage-infected host cells ofEscherichia coli andPseudomonas aeruginosa. Comparisons of electron micrographs with scanning confocal laser microscope (SCLM) images indicated that single RITC-labeled phage particles could be visualized. Biofilms of each bacterium were infected by labeled phage. SCLM and epifluorescence microscopy were used to observe adsorption of phage to single-layer surface-attached bacteria and thicker biofilms. The spread of the recombinant T4 phage, YZA1 (containing an rll-LacZ fusion), within alac E. coli biofilm could be detected in the presence of chromogenic and fluorogenic homologs of galactose. Infected cells exhibited blue pigmentation and fluorescence from the cleavage products produced by the phage-encoded β-galactosidase activity. Fluorescent antibodies were used to detect nonlabeled progeny phage. Phage T4 infected both surface-attached and surface-associatedE. coli while phage E79 adsorbed toP. aeruginosa cells on the surface of the biofilm, but access to cells deep in biofilms was somewhat restricted. Temperature and nutrient concentration did not affect susceptibility to phage infection, but lower temperature and low nutrients extended the time-to-lysis and slowed the spread of infection within the biofilm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the structure of human recombinant short form stromelysin by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 7 (1996), S. 8-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: Stromelysin-1 ; MMP-3 ; Metalloprotease ; Protein structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Stromelysin-1 is a matrix metalloprotease that has been implicated in a number of degenerative diseases. Here we present the refined NMR solution structure of the catalytic domain of stromelysin-1 complexed with a small inhibitor and compare it to the X-ray crystal structure of the same complex. The structures are similar in global fold and show an unusual bottomless S1' subsite. There are differences, however, in the least well defined regions, Phe83-Ile89, His224-Phe232 and Pro249-Pro250, reflecting the lack of NOE data and large B-factors. The region His224-Phe232 contains residues of the Sl' subsite and, consequently, small differences are observed in this subsite. Hydrogen-bond data show that, in contrast to the crystal structure, the solution structure lacks a hydrogen bond between the amide of Tyr223 and the carbonyl of the P3' residue. Analysis of bound water shows two tightly bound water molecules both in the solution and the crystal structure; neither of these waters are in the inhibitor binding site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190453
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