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1

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Sustainable yield trends of irrigated maize and wheat in a long-term experiment on a loamy sand in semi-arid India (1996)

Biswas, C. R. ; Benhi, D. K.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 225-234

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: long-term experiment ; maize ; wheat ; fertilizers ; farm yard manure ; weedicide application ; yield sustainability ; zinc deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; cropping sequence ; organic carbon build-up

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments play an important role in understanding the complex interactions of plants, soils, climate and management and their effects on sustainable crop production. A long-term fertilizer experiment with maize-wheat-cowpea (fodder) is in progress since 1971 at Punjab Agricultural University farm Ludhiana, India. The experimental result for the first 21 years showed that application of N alone or in combination with P did not produce as much maize and wheat grains as the application of N, P and K together. Eight years after the start of the experiment, the optimal levels of N, P and K application (100% NPK) were unable to sustain the similar (maize) yield level as before because of Zn deficiency. Whereas in FYM amended plots the Zn deficiency did not appear and the higher crop yields could be sustained. The chemical control of weeds could not sustain the maize productivity at the same level as the manual removal of weeds. It was concluded that the high level of crop production can be sustained with the application of N, P and K under intensive cropping system provided deficiency of any of the micronutrient does not crop up. The deficiency of Zn is most likely to occur in semi-arid light textured alluvial soils under intensive cropping without the addition of farm yard manure/organic manures. In maize based cropping systems, manual control of weeds may be preferred to the chemical one. Addition of FYM in conjunction with 100% NPK is most beneficial both from bio-physical and economic point of view.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420557

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2

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Influence of age, frailty and liver function on the pharmacokinetics of brofaromine (1996)

Zeeh, J. ; Fuchs, L. ; Bergmann, W. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 387-391

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ISSN: 1432-1041

Keywords: Key words Liver function tests; elderly ; pharmacokinetics ; geriatrics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of brofaromine, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, was evaluated in 12 frail elderly patients (66–92 y) and 12 healthy volunteers (20–35 y). Methods: Quantitative liver function tests were performed to show whether brofaromine elimination in the elderly could be predicted from noninvasive assessment of CYP1A2 activity (caffeine clearance) or liver plasma flow (sorbitol clearance). Results: In the elderly the AUC of brofaromine was significantly increased (e.g. for the 75 mg dose 43.2 vs 19.9 μmol*h⋅l−1, clearance was reduced (5.0 vs. 11.8 l⋅h−1), the volume of distribution was smaller (130 vs. 230 l), and the half-life was slightly increased (19.0 vs. 14.2 h). No significant correlation was observed between hepatic plasma flow and brofaromine clearance (r = 0.41, P = 0.05), whereas CYP1A2 activity and brofaromine clearance were tightly correlated (r = 0.94, P 〈 0.0001). Conclusion: Caffeine clearance, a simple, noninvasive test of CYP1A2 activity, is predictive of brofaromine clearance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050037

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3

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Influence of age, frailty and liver function on the pharmacokinetics of brofaromine (1996)

Zeeh, J. ; Bergmann, W. ; Platt, D. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 387-391

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ISSN: 1432-1041

Keywords: Liver function tests ; elderly ; pharmacokinetics ; geriatrics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacokinetics of brofaromine, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, was evaluated in 12 frail elderly patients (66–92 y) and 12 healthy volunteers (20–35 y). Methods: Quantitative liver function tests were performed to show whether brofaromine elimination in the elderly could be predicted from noninvasive assessment of CYP1A2 activity (caffeine clearance) or liver plasma flow (sorbitol clearance). Results: In the elderly the AUC of brofaromine was significantly increased (e.g. for the 75 mg dose 43.2 vs 19.9 μmol*h·l−1, clearance was reduced (5.0 vs. 11.8 l·h−1), the volume of distribution was smaller (130 vs. 230 l), and the half-life was slightly increased (19.0 vs. 14.2 h). No significant correlation was observed between hepatic plasma flow and brofaromine clearance (r=0.41, P=0.05), whereas CYP1A2 activity and brofaromine clearance were tightly correlated (r=0.94, P〈0.0001). Conclusion: Caffeine clearance, a simple, noninvasive test of CYP1A2 activity, is predictive of brofaromine clearance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203783

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4

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Pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine and the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist felodipine (1996)

Madsen, J. K. ; Jensen, J. D. ; Jensen, L. W. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of clinical pharmacology 50 (1996), S. 203-208

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ISSN: 1432-1041

Keywords: Key words Cyclosporine ; Felodipine; dehydrofelodi-pine ; pharmacokinetics ; blood pressure ; drug interaction

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Objective: In a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over study 12 healthy male volunteers were allocated to receive felodipine + placebo, cyclosporine + placebo, and felodipine + cyclosporine in order to investigate the interaction between the calcium channel blocker felodipine and cyclosporine as it affects the pharmacokinetics of felodipine, dehydrofelodipine, and cyclosporine, and 24-hour blood pressure measurements. Methods: Single doses of cyclosporine (capsules, 5 mg/kg body weight) and of felodipine (extended release (ER) tablets 10 mg) were given at a 1–2 week interval. Plasma drug concentrations were followed for 2 days after drug intake. Results: For cyclosporine, Cmax was increased after combined treatment (16%) compared to cyclosporine alone, but felodipine did not influence other kinetic parameters of cyclosporine. For felodipine, combined treatment with cyclosporine and felodipine increased AUC and Cmax (58% and 151%, respectively) and lowered mean residence time (24%) significantly compared to felodipine alone. For the metabolite dehydrofelodipine, too, AUC and Cmax were increased after the combined treatment (43% and 94%, respectively). Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower after felodipine, both when felodipine was given alone (121/68 mmHg) and in combination with cyclosporine (122/68 mmHg) compared to cyclosporine alone (127/73 mmHg). Conclusion: A combined single dose of cyclosporine and felodipine in healthy subjects increased the AUC and Cmax of felodipine suggesting a cyclosporine-induced decrease in the first-pass metabolism of felodipine, whereas the AUC of cyclosporine was only slightly increased by felodipine.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050093

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5

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Evaluation of plasma and urinary salbutamol levels in COPD (1996)

Clark, D. J. ; Tan, K. S. ; Lipworth, B. J.

Springer

European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 91-93

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ISSN: 1432-1041

Keywords: Key words Salbutamol; nebulised ; pharmacokinetics ; COPD ; overnight urinary salbutamol

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Objective: To evaluate the use of trough plasma salbutamol and overnight urinary salbutamol excretion in the assessment of nebulised salbutamol delivery in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Twenty in-patients with COPD receiving nebulised salbutamol, age 69.7 years, FEV1 38.1% predicted, were studied on two consecutive days, receiving four 2.5 mg doses of nebulised salbutamol on day 1 and four 5 mg doses of nebulised salbutamol on day 2, the first dose at 8.00 h the last dose at 22.00 h. Salbutamol delivery was assessed after the last dose by trough plasma salbutamol 8.00 h and overnight urinary excretion of salbutamol (22.00–8.00 h). Results: Levels of urinary salbutamol were detectable in all 20 patients at both doses, whereas for plasma salbutamol detectable levels were only found in 16/20 cases at the 2.5 mg dose and in all cases at the 5 mg dose. For overnight urinary salbutamol (μg⋅10 h−1 n = 20) the results were 141 for 2.5 mg and 249 for 5 mg. The dose ratio for urinary salbutamol between 2.5 mg and 5 mg doses was 1.83. Results for plasma salbutamol (ng/ml, n = 16) were 1.58 at 2.5 mg and 2.43 at 5 mg: dose ratio (geometric mean) 1.49. Conclusion: Overnight urinary salbutamol provides a simple and effective measure of nebulised salbutamol delivery in patients with COPD, which would be suitable for studying nebuliser performance and compliance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050166

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6

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Multiple solutions, illegal parameter values, local minima of the sum of squares, and anomalous parameter estimates in least-squares fitting of the two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with absorption (1996)

Purves, R. D.

Springer

Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 24 (1996), S. 79-101

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ISSN: 1573-8744

Keywords: two-compartment model ; parameter estimation ; least squares ; pharmacokinetics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract When the two-compartment model with absorption is fitted to data by nonlinear least squares, in general six different outcomes can be obtained, arising from permutation of the three exponential rate constants. The existence of multiple solutions in this sense is analogous to the flip-flop phenomenon in the one-compartment model. It is possible for parameter estimates to be inconsistent with the underlying physical model. Methods for recognizing such illegal estimates are described. Other common difficulties are that estimated values for two of the rate constants are almost identical with very large standard deviations, or that the parameter estimation algorithm converges poorly. Such unwanted outcomes usually signal a local (false) minimum of the sum of squares. They can be recognized from the ratio of largest to smallest singular value of the Jacobian matrix, and are, in principle, avoidable by starting the estimation algorithm with different initial values. There also exists a class of data sets for which all outcomes of fitting the usual equations are anomalous. A better fit to these data sets (smaller sum of squares) is obtained if two of the relevant rate constants are allowed to take complex conjugate values. Such data sets have usually been described as having “equal rate constants.” A special form of the model equation is available for parameter estimation in this case. Precautions relating to its use are discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02353511

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7

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Design of Biological Equivalence Programs for Therapeutic Biotechnology Products in Clinical Development: A Perspective (1996)

Mordenti, Joyce ; Cavagnaro, Joy A. ; Green, James D.

Springer

Pharmaceutical research 13 (1996), S. 1427-1437

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ISSN: 1573-904X

Keywords: bioequivalence ; biotechnology products ; recombinant proteins ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; efficacy ; immunogenicity ; safety

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract The determination of biological equivalence requires that studies are conducted to establish that two molecules, two formulations, or two dosing regimens, for example, are indistinguishable with respect to safety and efficacy profiles that have been previously established. The criteria that are used to establish biological equivalence will depend on the nature of the change (e.g., molecular, process, formulation), the stage of the development program, the duration of treatment, and the intended clinical indications. Key components of an equivalence program include chemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo bioactivity against reference material, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Special considerations for patient populations, endogenous concentrations, environmental factors, immunogenicity, assay methodology, biochemical identity, pharmacodynamic equivalence, and statistical methodology are discussed. In addition, the role of preclinical in vivo assessments is addressed. Specific case studies provide insight into the varied nature of approaches that are currently employed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016002823485

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8

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Nutrient inflow and root proliferation during the exploitation of a temporally and spatially discrete source of nitrogen in soil (1996)

Vuuren, M. M. I. ; Robinson, D. ; Griffiths, B. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 185-192

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: ammonium ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; localised nutrient ; mineralisation ; 15N ; nitrate ; organic residue ; proliferation ; roots ; soil ; uptake ; wheat

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract To obtain nutrients mineralised from organic matter in the soil, plants have to respond to its heterogeneous distribution. We measured the timing of nitrogen uptake by wheat from a localised, 15N labelled organic residue in soil, as well as the timing of changes in root length density. We calculated the rates of N uptake per unit root length (inflows) for roots growing through the residue and for the whole root system. A stimulated local inflow appeared to be the main mechanism of exploitation of the residue N during the first five days of exploitation. 8% of the N that the plants would ultimately obtain from the residue was captured in this period. Roots then proliferated in the residue. This, together with a rapidly declining N inflow, contributed to the capture, over the next seven days, of 63% of the N that the plants derived from the residue. After that time, massive root proliferation occurred in the residue, but relatively little further N was captured.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011582

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9

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Genotypic variation in zinc efficiency and resistance to crown rot disease (Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1) in wheat (1996)

Grewal, Harsharn Singh ; Graham, Robin D. ; Rengel, Zdenko

Springer

Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 219-226

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: crown rot ; Fusarium ; fungal disease ; genotypes ; wheat ; zinc ; zinc efficiency

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract A crown rot disease in wheat caused by the fungusFusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1 is a widespread problem in chronically Zn-deficient Australian soils. A link between crown rot and Zn deficiency was established by Sparrow and Graham (1988). This paper reports a test of a further hypothesis, that wheat genotypes more efficient at extracting zinc from low-zinc soils are more resistant to infection by this pathogen. Three wheat cultivars (Excalibur, Songlen and Durati) of differential Zn efficiency were tested at three zinc levels (0.05, 0.5 and 2.0 mg Zn kg−1 of soil) and three levels ofF. graminearum S. Group 1 inoculum (0.1 g and 0.3 g kg−1 live chaff-inoculum and control having 0.1 g kg−1 dead chaff inoculum). Six weeks after sowing dry matter production of shoots and roots was decreased byFusarium inoculation at 0.05 mg and 0.5 mg kg−1 applied Zn.Fusarium inoculum at 0.1 g was as effective as 0.3 g kg−1 for infection and decreasing dry matter. The infection at the basal part of culm decreased significantly by increasing the rate of Zn application. Excalibur, a Zn-efficient cultivar (tolerant to Zn deficiency) produced significantly more shoot and root dry matter, and showed less disease infection compared with Zn-inefficient cultivars (Durati and Songlen) at low (0.05 mg Zn kg−1 soil) and medium (0.5 mg Zn kg−1 soil) Zn fertilization rates. Higher rate of Zn fertilization (2.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) reduced the disease level in Durati to the level of Excalibur but the disease level of Songlen was still high, indicating its high Zn requirement and or sensitivity to crown rot. The data on Zn uptake show that Excalibur, being Zn-efficient, was able to scavenge enough Zn from Zn-deficient soil, we suggest that besides sustaining growth Excalibur was able to build and maintain resistance to the pathogen; inefficient cultivars needed extra Zn fertilization to achieve performance comparable to that of Excalibur. The present study indicates that growing Zn-efficient cultivars of wheat along with judicious use of Zn fertilizer in Zn-deficient areas where crown rot is a problem may sustain wheat production by reducing the severity of the disease as well as by increasing the plant vigour through improved Zn nutrition. ei]Section editor: R Rodriques-Kalana

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415517

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10

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Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum (1996)

Rubiales, D. ; Snijders, C. H. A. ; Nicholson, P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Euphytica 88 (1996), S. 165-174

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Keywords: wheat ; tritordeum ; Hordeum chilense ; Fusarium culmorum ; Septoria nodorum ; scab ; deoxynivalenol ; ergosterol ; resistance ; Triticum spp

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023887

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