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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (9)
  • General Chemistry  (3)
  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • 1995  (12)
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Keywords
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  • 1995-1999  (12)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of Ti—Zr—Nb—Ta—Pd and Ti—Sn—Nb—Ta—Pd alloys (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29 (1995), S. 893-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is much discussion about the toxic effect of vanadium and aluminum contained in Ti—6Al—4V alloy for prosthetic implants. The goal of the present investigation was to develop new titanium alloys with sufficient mechanical properties using more biocompatible alloying elements: zirconium, tin, niobium, tantalum, and palladium. The relative growth rates of L929 and MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly higher when cultured with the extraction of Ti—10Zr—8Nb—2Ta—0.2Pd or Ti—15Zr—4Nb—2Ta—0.2Pd alloys than when cultured with the extraction of Ti—6Al—4V ELI alloy. The tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area for Ti—15Sn—4Nb—2Ta—0.2Pd alloy were 989 MPa, 14.4%, and 49.3%, respectively, surpassing Ti—6Al—4V ELI alloy (ASTM F138—84); those for Ti—15Zr—4Nb—2Ta—0.2Pd alloy were 725 MPa, 23.6% and 54.9%, respectively. More than 15% addition of tin as well as zirconium deteriorated the tensile properties. Titanium release into a 5% hydrochloric acid solution from the new titanium alloys was 20-50 μg/cm2 per day, though that from Ti—6Al—4V ELI alloy was 1300 μg/cm2 per day. The optimum alloy compositions are Ti—15Zr—4Nb—2Ta—0.2Pd and Ti—15Sn—4Nb—2Ta—0.2Pd, judging from cytocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. The former is characterized by its high level cytocompatibility and corrosion resistance, while the latter is characterized by mechanical properties. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820290715
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radical polymerization of methyl trans-β-vinylacrylate (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 1059-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; methyl trans-β-vinylacrylate ; kinetics propagation radical ; monomer reactivity ratios ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl trans-β-vinylacrylate (MVA) undergoes radical polymerization with α,α′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in bulk and solution. The polymer obtained consists of 85% trans-1,4 and 15% trans-3,4 units. Poly(MVA) (PMVA) is readily soluble in common organic solvents, but insoluble in n-hexane and petroleum ether. PMVA exhibits a glass transition at 60°C, and loses no weight up to 300°C in nitrogen. The kinetics of MVA homopolymerization with AIBN was investigated in benzene. The rate of polymerization (Rp) can be expressed by Rp = k[AIBN]0.5[MVA]1.0, and the overall activation energy has been calculated to be 94 kJ/mol. The propagation radical of MVA at 80°C was detected by ESR spectroscopy, which indicated that the unpaired electron of the propagating radical was completely delocalized over the three allyl carbons. Furthermore, the steady-state concentration of the propagating radical of MVA at 60°C was determined by ESR spectroscopy, and the propagation rate constant (kp) was calculated to be 1.25 X 102 L/mol ·s. Monomer reactivity ratios in copolymerization of MVA (M2) with styrene (M1) are r1 = 0.16 and r2 = 4.9, from which Q and e values of MVA are calculated as 4.2 and -0.32, respectively. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080330708
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Third-order nonlinear optical properties of thin films of organogermane homopolymers and organogermane-organosilane copolymers*This work was partly supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area of Reactive Organometallics). (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 7 (1995), S. 917-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950071110
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal cis-trans isomerization behavior of polyacetylene films (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 581-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyacetylene ; isothermal cis-trans isomerization ; DSC ; stretched exponential function ; activation energy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isothermal cis-trans isomerization behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry for conventional Shirakawa polyacetylene (S-PA) film and highly stretchable polyacetylene (hs-x) films synthesized using catalysts aged at high temperature. The rate of isomerization is slower for S-PA than for hs-x. Kinetic results of isomerization are analyzed by a stretched exponential function with exponent n (0 〈 n 〈 1), which is different from the previously assumed single exponential function. An activation energy of 31 kcal/mol was obtained for all the samples. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330407
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel imaging system by dye-sensitized photooxidation of oxazole groups attached to a polymer backbone, 4Part 3: cf. ref.6. Effect of oxazole content and spacer length (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 196 (1995), S. 995-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Oxazole derivatives attached to a polymer backbone were transformed efficiently to the corresponding triacylamide compounds in a thin film by photooxidation using various dyes as photosensitizers. This photoinduced transformation proved to be applicable to a photoresist with positive tone and a holographic grating formation by development with an aqueous solution of amines to dissolve exposed areas of the film. In this system, the length of the methylene chain connecting the oxazole ring to the polymer backbone and the content of oxazole units in the polymer influence the efficiency of the image formation as well as development conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1995.021960402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permeation and sorption for oxygen and nitrogen into polyimide membranes (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 777-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: permeation rate curve ; sorption rate curve ; polyimides ; chemical structure ; cohesive energy density ; gas separation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The permeation rate curves and sorption rate curves of oxygen and nitrogen below 1.3 atm were measured for seven polyimides of which chemical structures were systematically changed. These rate curves were applied Fickian model curves. The Fick's law was found to hold from the pressure independencies of diffusion coefficients for both the experiments. The solubility was better described according to dual-mode sorption model rather than Henry-s law from the sorption experiments. The diffusivities of both the gases were correlated with packing density (reciprocal of specific free volume) of the polymer, except two polyimides. The packing density of these two polymers could not be successfully calculated from Bondi's method. However, all the diffusion coefficients decreased linearly with an increase in the cohesive energy density (CED), which was calculated by the group contribution method of van Krevelen. These results suggest that the gas diffusions in polyimides better correlate with CED than with the packing density. Therefore, the cohesive energy density may be considered as a more reliable indication of the efficient gas separation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330506
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positron annihilation lifetime study of vapor sorption in polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995), S. 779-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectra were measured for two different kinds of polymers: polypropylene (PP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), during sorption of vapors of the following molecules: n-hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, and water. The behavior of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) annihilation parameters: lifetime, τ3, and intensity, I3, can be explained by considering different sorption mechanisms in rubbery and glassy polymers. The mean size of the intermolecular-space holes and the relative free-volume fraction of PP and PTFE were estimated before and during the sorption process from the o-Ps parameters obtained. Sorption of n-hexane, cyclohexane, and benzene in both polymers affect the o-Ps component in a systematic way, for PP τ3 and I3 tend to decrease, while in PTFE, τ3 stay almost constant and I3 diminishes. These effects are interpreted in relation to the different states of the polymers studied: rubbery for PP and glassy for PTFE. In case of methyl methacrylate molecules, the behavior of o-Ps parameters was more complicated. For acrylic acid and water, their associated polarity provokes a diminution in I3, which is explained from the viewpoint of the spur model of positronium formation. Large changes in the mean size and the fraction of free volume, as well as their constant behavior in some cases, were interpreted to be due to positive or negative interactions, respectively, between vapor molecules and PP and PTFE, which could be correlated with the solvent-interaction parameters calculated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070560703
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of carboxylic acid salts in poly(ethylene oxide) oligomers at higher temperatures (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 6 (1995), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: poly(ethylene oxide) ; carboxylate ; solubility ; phase separation ; crystallization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many alkali metal carboxylates when dissolved in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) oligomers, are phaseseparated by heating. These were revealed to be the crystals of the initially dissolved corresponding salts from the X-ray diffraction patterns. Some acetate salts achieve the lower limit of the lattice energy for phase separation of ordinary inorganic salts by heating in PEO oligomers. These carboxylate salts were therefore expected to show crystallization behavior in PEO oligomers by heating. The effects of cation size, alkyl chain length and molecular weight of PEO on the solubility are summarized. Negative temperature dependence of solubility of these acetate salts is seen in the PEO oligomers only when the salts have long alkyl chains. The salts containing larger cations needed a longer chain length of PEOs for crystallization by heating. These salts with longer alkyl chains showed positive temperautred dependence in lower molecular weight polyethers, but negative temperature dependence in solubility in PEO with molecular weights higher than 400. In PEO400, all the carboxylates with longer alkyl chains were phase separated by heating.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1995.220060405
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxyapatite clay for gap filling and adequate bone ingrowth (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 29 (1995), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In uncemented total hip arthroplasty, a complete filling of the gap between femoral prosthesis and the host bone is difficult and defects would remain, because the anatomy of the reamed intramedullary canal cannot fit the prosthesis. Therefore, it seems practical to fill the gap with a clay containing hydroxyapatite (HA), which has an osteoconductive character. The clay (HA clay) is made by mixing HA granules (size 0.1 mm or more) having a homogeneous pore distribution and a porosity of 35-48 vol%, and a viscous substance such as a saline solution of sodium alginate (SSSA). In the first experiment, the ratio of HA granules and sodium alginate in SSSA is set for the same handling properties of HA clay and polymethylmethacrylate bone cement (standard viscosity) before hardening. As a result, the ratio is set for 55 wt% of HA in the clay and 12.5 wt% of sodium alginate in SSSA (i.e., HA:sodium alginate:saline solution = 9.8:1:7). In the second study, the gap between the femoral stem and bone model is completely filled with HA clay. However, the gap is not filled only with HA granules or HA granules mixed with saline solution. In the third animal experiment, using an unloaded model, histology shows that HA clay has an osteoconductive property bridging the gap between the implant and the cortical bone without any adverse reaction. HA clay is considered a useful biomaterial to fill the gap with adequate bone ingrowth. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820290308
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eine Studie zur Koordination von Vinylallenen und zu einer Folgereaktion - der neuen Rhodium-katalysierten carbonylierenden [4 + 1]-Cycloaddition (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 107 (1995), S. 2943-2946 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Carbonylierungen ; Cycloadditionen ; Koordination ; Rhodiumverbindungen ; Vinylallene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19951072342
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