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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and modeling of ignition targets for the National Ignition Facility (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 2480-2487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several targets are described that in simulations give yields of 1–30 MJ when indirectly driven by 0.9–2 MJ of 0.35 μm laser light. The article describes the targets, the modeling that was used to design them, and the modeling done to set specifications for the laser system in the proposed National Ignition Facility. Capsules with beryllium or polystyrene ablators are enclosed in gold hohlraums. All the designs utilize a cryogenic fuel layer; it is very difficult to achieve ignition at this scale with a noncryogenic capsule. It is necessary to use multiple bands of illumination in the hohlraum to achieve sufficiently uniform x-ray irradiation, and to use a low-Z gas fill in the hohlraum to reduce filling of the hohlraum with gold plasma. Critical issues are hohlraum design and optimization, Rayleigh–Taylor instability modeling, and laser–plasma interactions. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871209
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High yield inertial confinement fusion target design for a z-pinch-driven hohlraum : The 40th annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the american physical society (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 2129-2136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Calculations are presented for a high yield inertial fusion design, employing indirect drive with a double-ended z-pinch-driven hohlraum radiation source. A high current (∼60 MA) accelerator implodes z pinches within an enclosing hohlraum. Radial spoke arrays and shine shields isolate the capsule from the pinch plasma, magnetic field, and direct x-ray shine. Our approach places minimal requirements on z-pinch uniformity and stability, usually problematic due to magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Large inhomogeneities of the pinch and spoke array may be present, but the hohlraum adequately smooths the radiation field at the capsule. Simultaneity and reproducibility of the pinch x-ray output to better than 7% are required, however, for good symmetry. Recent experiments suggest a pulse shaping technique, through implosion of a multishell z pinch. X-ray bursts are calculated and observed to occur at each shell collision. A capsule absorbing 1 MJ of x rays at a peak drive temperature of 210 eV is found to have adequate stability and to produce 400 MJ of yield. A larger capsule absorbs 2 MJ with a yield of 1200 MJ. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873464
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental developments to obtain real-time x-ray diffraction measurements in plate impact experiments (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 4008-4014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An experimental facility was developed to obtain real-time, quantitative, x-ray diffraction data in laboratory plate impact experiments. A powder gun, to generate plane wave loading in samples, was designed and built specifically to permit flash x-ray diffraction measurements in shock-compression experiments. Spatial resolution and quality of the diffracted signals were improved significantly over past attempts through partial collimation of the incident beam and the use of two-dimensional detectors to record data from shocked crystals. The experimental configuration and synchronization issues are discussed, and relevant details of the x-ray system and the powder gun are described. Representative results are presented from experiments designed to determine unit cell compression in shock-compressed LiF single crystals subjected to both elastic and elastic-plastic deformation, respectively. The developments described here are expected to be useful for examining lattice deformation and structural changes in shock wave compression studies. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150026
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Picosecond time-resolved electronic spectroscopy in plate impact shock experiments: Experimental development (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1743-1750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An experimental method was developed to perform picosecond time-resolved electronic spectroscopy in single-event, plate impact, shock wave experiments. Several experimental difficulties had to be addressed due to the fast time resolution (100 ps) and short time duration (12.7 ns) of such experiments. Procedures are described to address the following experimental issues: (i) synchronization of the light source, detection equipment, and the shock event within the experimental duration, (ii) incorporation of a Nd:YAG laser (operative in a repetitive mode) into the experimental configuration, and (iii) sources of temporal dispersion. Representative results are shown from experiments performed on single crystal CdS. The developments described here are also expected to be useful for shock wave experiments involving Raman, fluorescence, or other types of spectroscopy which require the use of a laser. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149662
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of single electron tunneling: Precision capacitance ratio measurements (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 2588-2590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A metrological application is reported of the single electron tunneling (SET) phenomena: a precise measurement of the ratio of two cryogenic capacitors. The measurement used a superconducting SET electrometer as the null detector for a capacitance bridge. A 3-ppm level of imprecision has been achieved in the measurement of the capacitance ratio from 100 to 1000 Hz. Further improvements can be made in the attempt to obtain an imprecision of 10−8 at lower frequencies, sufficient for the metrological measurement of capacitance or the fine-structure constant using a SET pump. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.113510
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adjustable oxide-free tunnel junction for vibrational spectroscopy of molecules (1999)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 2500-2502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe an adjustable, oxide-free, tunnel junction with the stability necessary to observe the vibrational modes of molecules adsorbed on clean metal surfaces. We illustrate the capabilities of this device with inelastic tunneling data from junctions whose barriers are formed by neon/acetylene mixtures of varying concentration. From the concentration dependence of the inelastic spectra, we can distinguish between acetylene molecules chemisorbed on the metal electrodes and those that are either physisorbed or incorporated in the neon barrier. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125061
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adverse Health Experiences, Environmental Attitudes, and Pesticide Usage Behavior of Farm Operators (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Risk perception ; pesticides ; pest management ; health effects ; agricultural pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Water pollution from agricultural pesticides continues to be a public concern. Given that the use of such pesticides on the farm is largely governed by voluntary behavior, it is important to understand what drives farmer behavior. Health belief models in public health and social psychology argue that persons who have adverse health experiences are likely to undertake preventive behavior. An analogous hypothesis set was tested here: farmers who believe they have had adverse health experiences from pesticides are likely to have heightened concerns about pesticides and are more likely to take greater precautions in dealing with pesticides. This work is based on an original survey of a population of 2700 corn and soybean growers in Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania using the U.S. Department of Agriculture data base. It was designed as a mail survey with telephone follow-up, and resulted in a 60 percent response rate. Farm operators report experiencing adverse health problems they believe are associated with pesticides that is equivalent to an incidence rate that is higher than the reported incidence of occupational pesticide poisonings, but similar to the reported incidence of all pesticide poisonings. Farmers who report experiencing such problems have more heightened concerns about water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and illness and injury from mixing, loading, and applying pesticides than farmers who have not experienced such problems. Farmers who report experiencing such problems also are more likely to report using alternative pest management practices than farmers who do not report having such problems. This implies that farmers who have had such experiences do care about the effects of application and do engage in alternative means of pest management, which at least involve the reduction in pesticide use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006929812285
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of cell cycle behavior dominated by kinetics of a pathway stimulated by growth factors (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 61 (1999), S. 917-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A modified version of a previously developed mathematical model [Obeyesekere et al., Cell Prolif. (1997)] of the G1-phase of the cell cycle is presented. This model describes the regulation of the G1-phase that includes the interactions of the nuclear proteins, RB, cyclin E, cyclin D, cdk2, cdk4 and E2F. The effects of the growth factors on cyclin D synthesis under saturated or unsaturated growth factor conditions are investigated based on this model. The solutions to this model (a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations) are discussed with respect to existing experiments. Predictions based on mathematical analysis of this model are presented. In particular, results are presented on the existence of two stablesolutions, i. e., bistability within the G1-phase. It is shown that this bistability exists under unsaturated growth factor concentration levels. This phenomenon is very noticeable if the efficiency of the signal transduction, initiated by the growth factors leading to cyclin D synthesis, is low. The biological significance of this result as well as possible experimental designs to test these predictions are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bulm.1999.0118
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Survey of Approaches for Assessing and Managing the Risk of Extremes (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 83-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Extreme events ; risk assessment ; risk management ; extreme value theory ; judgmental distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we review methods for assessing and managing the risk of extreme events, where “extreme events” are defined to be rare, severe, and outside the normal range of experience of the system in question. First, we discuss several systematic approaches for identifying possible extreme events. We then discuss some issues related to risk assessment of extreme events, including what type of output is needed (e.g., a single probability vs. a probability distribution), and alternatives to the probabilistic approach. Next, we present a number of probabilistic methods. These include: guidelines for eliciting informative probability distributions from experts; maximum entropy distributions; extreme value theory; other approaches for constructing prior distributions (such as reference or noninformative priors); the use of modeling and decomposition to estimate the probability (or distribution) of interest; and bounding methods. Finally, we briefly discuss several approaches for managing the risk of extreme events, and conclude with recommendations and directions for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006958311241
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical analysis of the welfare magnet debate using the NLSY (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 12 (1999), S. 391-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: I38 ; Key words: Interstate migration ; welfare ; poverty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper examines the extent to which differences in welfare generosity across states leads to interstate migration. Using microdata from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) between 1979 and 1992, we employ a quasi-experimental design that utilizes the categorical eligibility of the welfare system. The pattern of cross-state moves among poor single women with children, who are likely to be eligible for benefits is compared to the pattern among other poor households. We find little evidence indicating that welfare-induced migration is a widespread phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050105
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