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  • Emerald  (2)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (1)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • 1990-1994  (3)
  • 1994  (3)
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  • 1990-1994  (3)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification during scanning tunneling microscope measurements on YBa2Cu3O7 thin films (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7774-7777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: During scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on YBa2Cu3O7 thin films with positive sample bias voltages, different kinds of surface modifications appear. While in the topography condition no surface modification occurs, the cleaning and etching conditions irreversibly change the surface topography. In the deformation condition a strong elastic deformation of the tip and/or the surface is observed. It is shown that field evaporation of material from the surface to the tip is responsible for the observed surface modification. In consequence, the tip is contaminated with different oxides. Localized states in the oxides make resonant tunneling of electrons through the oxide layer possible. The configuration of these localized states determines the kind of surface modification by the scanning tunneling microscope. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357955
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Norbert Wiener and the Social Sciences (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 46-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Aims to analyse the influence of Norbert Wiener's ideas on the social sciences and on social systems, including society as a whole. Describes Wiener's own attitudes regarding the applicability of cybernetics to social systems and his vision on the development of modern society. Highlights sociologists and political scientists who were inspired by his ideas and deals with researchers who tried to apply his ideas to social systems. Concludes by evaluating to what extent specific ideas of Wiener have impacted on the social sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410068334
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alienation, Participation and Increasing Societal Complexity (1994)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Kybernetes 23 (1994), S. 10-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0368-492X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Provides definitions of the three concepts in the title and explores their interrelationships. Distinguishes six alienation dimensions - powerlessness; meaninglessness; normlessness; social isolation; cultural estrangement; self-estrangement - and combines them with three kinds of participation: spontaneous, negative, and compensatory. Describes increasing societal complexity from a general systems perspective. Explores the psycho- and sociogenesis of unalienated as well as alienated participation. Increasing societal complexity creates new forms of alienation and participation, but also resistances of groups that feel threatened or left out by an excessively fast rate of change, which in turn threatens macro-societal stability. Those left without the means to participate in the economic or political process tend to be the alienated "negative participants"; they are generally destructive and anti-outgroup as a result of personal experiences or economic deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929410054852
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