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  • Chemistry  (16)
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  • 2005-2009  (3)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 847-856 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This work reports on the photodegradation of low-density polyethylene films formulated with titanium (IV) oxide actylacetonate (TAc) and titanium dioxide pigment in different proportions; no previous reports on the photoactivity of this acetylacotonate have been found. Samples of blow-extruded films were submitted to accelerated UV aging with fluorescent lamps and the polymer degradation measured. The changes in carbonyl groups, molecular weight, and film elongation at break are discussed. The results show that TAc can promote photooxidation and accelerate the film degradation. The retention percent of elongation at break (EB) is apparently proportional to the carbonyl index irrespective of the formulation but has different relations with molecular weight (Mn), time, or the number of chain scissions (n), probably as a result of microstructural differences. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1539-1542 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Schlagwort(e): polymerization ; ethylene ; polyethylene ; catalyst ; zeolites ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Ethylene polymerization has been studied in the presence of catalyst based on vanadium or vanadium-chromium supported on a zeolite HY. The effect of vanadium over chromium has been investigated as a function of the sequence of exchange of metals on the support and metal contents. Both effects were investigated in relation to the characteristics of the polyethylene (PE) obtained. Low activity has been found for the V (II) zeolite HY catalyst. Moreover, vanadium acts either as an inhibitor or as a promoter for the polymerizing activity of the Cr (III)/zeolite catalyst, depending on the preparation method. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 17 (1994), S. 210-215 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The kinetics of the pseudohomogeneous liquid phase synthesis of a high molecular weight ester in a stirred tank reactor using cobalt chloride as catalyst has been studied at various temperatures, catalyst concentrations, and acid/alcohol molar ratios. A kinetic model has been determined that predicts the experimental results quite well.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 218 (1994), S. 183-196 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Poly(vinylalkohol) (PVAL) wurde mit Acrylnitril in alkalischem Medium modifiziert. Die Struktur der so hergestellten Polymeren wurde mit IR-, 1H-NMR und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie bestimmt. Der Einfluß der Zusammensetzung des Reaktionsgemisches, der Temperatur und des Katalysators wurde ermittelt. 13C NMR-Spektroskopie wurde zur Bestimmung der Sequenzverteilung von cyanethyliertem PVAL (das als Vinylalkohol-(VAL)-2-Cyanethyl-vinylether-(VCE)-Copolymeres angesehen werden kann) eingesetzt. Die 13C NMR-Spektren der Methylen-C-Atome der Hauptkette zeigen drei gesplittete Peaks, deren Intensitäten sich mit der Copolymerzusammensetzung ändern und die den drei Diadensequenzen zugeordnet werden können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die VCE-Einheiten im Copolymeren überwiegend alternierend angeordnet sind. Nitrilgruppen in cyanoethyliertem PVAL wurden mit Hydroxylamin in einer Reaktion zweiter Ordnung in Amidoximgruppen umgewandelt; die Aktivierungsenergie betrug 51,6 kJ/mol. Lösliche Polymerchelate zwischen PVAL mit Amidoxim-gruppen und Cu2+ -1onen wurden hergestellt, wobei nicht alle Amidoximgruppen an der Bindung der Kupferionen beteiligt sind.
    Notizen: The modification reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) with acrylonitrile in alkaline medium was studied. The structure of the resulting polymers was determined by means of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The influence of solvent composition, catalyst and temperature was evaluated. 13C NMR spectroscopy was used for the determination of the sequence distribution of cyanoethylated PVAL (considered as a vinyl alcohol (VAL)-(2-cyanoethyl) vinyl ether (VCE) copolymer). The 13C NMR spectra of the methylene carbons in the main chain show three split peaks, the intensities of which change with copolymer composition. These peaks can be assigned to the three dyad sequences. The obtained results show that VCE units have an alternating tendency in the copolymer. Nitrile groups in cyanoethylated PVAL were converted to amidoxime groups by reaction with hydroxylamine. The reaction showed second order kinetics. The activation energy was found to be 51.6 kJ/mol. Soluble polymeric chelates between amidoximated PVAL and cupric ions have been prepared. It is noteworthy that not all the amidoxime groups participate in binding cupric ions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 195 (1994), S. 1043-1062 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: In an effort to assess the intermolecular interactions between poly(4-hydroxystyrene)IUPAC name: poly(4-vinylphenol). (P4HS) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), two types of experimental measurements were conducted: volumetric properties and vapor pressures of solutions in a common solvent (probe). The PVT measurements for a 50:50 (w/w) binary polymer mixtures were conducted over a pressure range from 0 to 100 MPa and a temperature range from 350 to 470 K. The vapor pressures of acetone over a series of ternary systems acetone/P4HS/PVAc, and for four intermediate weight ratios PVAc/P4HS, were measured at 298,15 K, 308,15 K and 318,15 K. PVAc and P4HS interact primarily through hydrogen bonding. The probe molecule (acetone) on the other hand interacts also through hydrogen bonding with P4HS. A recent equation-of-state theory of hydrogen bonding has been used to correlate these measurements. Application of the theory was requiring the knowledge of the volumetric behavior of pure P4HS. Extensive PVT measurements for this polymer have also been conducted. The PVT measurements for the polymer mixture were used in order to estimate the hydrogen bonding parameters for the hydroxyl-ester pair. The vapor pressures of the system acetone/P4HS were used in order to estimate the hydrogen bonding parameters of the hydroxyl-carbonyl pair. On the basis of this information the theory was used to predict the vapour pressures of the ternary system. The theoretical predictions are in quantitative agreement with the experiments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 195 (1994), S. 3789-3798 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) functionalized with chloroacetate groups was obtained by reaction of PVAL with chloroacetyl chloride using pyridine as catalyst and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as solvent. The structure of the modified polymers was determined by means of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The coupling of model bioactive carboxylic acids (1-naphthylacetic acid and 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid (naproxen)) to PVAL functionalized with chloroacetate groups was carried out by reaction with their potassium salts or directly in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). High degrees of modification were obtained in the reaction with the potassium salts. However, the esterification reaction is somewhat more efficient in the case of the potassium salt of 1-naphthylacetic acid. The kinetic results were consistent with a second-order reaction, and the activation energy in the reaction with the potassium salt of 1-naphthylacetic acid was found to be 73,2 kJ/mol. The reaction of PVAL with 1-naphthylacetic acid and naproxen in the presence of DBU showed deviation from second-order kinetics, which may be a consequence of some steric effects. The hydrolysis in the heterogeneous phase of PVAL-1-naphthylacetic acid and PVAL-naproxen adducts showed that the release of the bioactive compound from tablets is dependent on the hydrophilic character of the adduct as well as on the pH value of the medium.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Schlagwort(e): Hormones ; Micellar media ; Voltammetry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new electroanalytical methodology for the determination of hormones in micellar media by use of differential pulse polarography (DPP) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (ASV) is reported. It was applied to the determination of hydroxyprogesterone in Triton X-100 as micellar medium, with a detection limit of 3.6 × 10-6 M (DPP) and 2.5 × 10-11 M (ASV). A theoretcal explanation for the increased diffusion current of the hormone in the micellar medium is provided and its significance discussed. The electrochemical behavior of this hormone and β-estradiol in aqueous-organic media was also studied by using DPP and ASV. The detection limits thus obtained for the two compounds were 1.2 × 10-5 M β-estradiol and 1.5 × 10-5 M hydroxyprogesterone by the former technique and 8 × 10-9 M hydroxyprogesterone by the latter. The β-estradiol showed no adsorption in any of the assayed media, so the ASV determination of hydroxyprogesterone in its presence was highly selective.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Schlagwort(e): Piroxicam ; Voltammetric determination ; Aqueous-organic media ; Hanging mercury drop electrode ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A study of the electrochemical behavior of piroxicam has been carried out by dc polarography, classical and differential pulse mode voltammetric techniques, as well as by classical and differential pulse mode adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV), in methanol/H2O(20/80% v/v) and acetonitrile/H2O(20/80%-6 v/v) media. Several parameters, such as pH, temperature, scan rate, ad-accumulation potential, and accumulation time, elucidate the piroxicam reduction mechanism and establish analytical methods, mainly by AdCSV, obtaining a detection limit of 2.4 × 10-11 M.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Schlagwort(e): Nickel ; Cobalt ; Stripping voltammetry ; Seawater ; Staircase modulation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The voltammetric determination of trace metals in seawater suffers from the interference of dissolved oxygen and engine vibrations onboard ship. It is here attempted to overcome these interferences using a high-frequency (1 to 20 kHz) staircase modulation during the voltammetric scan (high-performance adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, HPACSV). Comparative experiments using the square-wave modulation showed that this modulation was not effective at such a high frequency. A comparison between various complexing agents (DMG and nioxime) and pH buffers (HEPES/NH4OH, borate/NaOH, and TEA/NH4OH) showed that the determination of nickel and cobalt was similarly improved by the high-speed potential scan in all conditions. Fast potential scans cause a large increase of the peak area and peak heights using staircase modulation. The peaks are wider, and the peak potentials are shifted toward negative values due to the ohmic drop, but the analytical determination is not disturbed. Optimal sensitivity for the determination of cobalt and nickel in seawater was obtained using TEA buffer and DMG as the adsorptive ligand. The nioxime wave was found to interfere in the cobalt peak at high scan rates so that this ligand is not recommended for HPACSV. Comparative tests showed that the sensitivity for nickel and cobalt determinations was highly improved by the fast scan rates. Furthermore, the reduction current of dissolved oxygen was partially masked so that measurements could be taken without a previous purge of the sample. Finally, the scans were insensitive to the solution turbulence so measurements could be readily carried out onboard of an oceanographic vessel or without switching off the stirrer. Low levels of nickel (2 nM) could be determined in seawater by using a deposition time of 20 seconds and of 120 seconds for 0.05 nM cobalt from turbulent and unpurged solutions. A fast determination method for labile nickel and cobalt is proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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