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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2)
  • Engineering General
  • Organic Chemistry
  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • 1992  (8)
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  • 1990-1994  (8)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyisobutylene-containing block polymers by sequential monomer addition. IV. New triblock thermoplastic elastomers comprising high Tg styrenic glassy segments: Synthesis, characterization and physical propertiesFor Parts I and II of this series, see Ref. 2; For Part III, see Polym. Prepr., 23 (1), 310 (1991); Part LXV of the series of Living Carbocationic Polymerization. (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermoplastic elastomer ; carbocationic polymerization ; polyisobutylene ; living polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New linear triblock thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by two glassy endblocks of various styrenic polymers have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization by sequential monomer addition. First isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by a bifunctional tert-ether (dicumyl methyl ether) initiator in conjunction with TiCl4 coinitiator in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at -80°C. After the living narrow molecular weight distribution PIB midblock ($\[\bar M_n\]$ = 1.1-1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, the styrenic monomers together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di-tert-butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to start the blocking of the glassy segments from the living ⊕PIB⊕ chain ends. While p-methylstyrene (pMeSt), p-t-butylstyrene (ptBuSt) and indene (In) gave essentially 100% blocking to the corresponding glassy endblocks, the blocking of 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene (TMeSt) and α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) were ineffective. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities was prevented by the use of DtBP. In the simultaneous presence of DtBP and the strong ED N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), TPEs with good mechanical properties (10-20 MPa tensile strength, 300-600% elongation) were prepared. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature Tg characteristic of phase separated rubbery and glassy domains. The service temperature of these new TPEs exceeds that of PSt-PIB-PSt triblock copolymers due to the higher Tgs (PpMeSt = 108, PptBuSt = 142 and PIn = 220-240°C) of the outer blocks. The Tg of the glassy blocks can be regulated by copolymerizing two styrene derivatives; a triblock copolymer with outer blocks of poly(pt-butylstyrene-co-indene) showed a single glassy transition Tg = +165°C, i.e., in between that of PptBuSt and PIn. Virgin TPEs have been repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The high melt flow index obtained with a TPE containing PptBuSt endblocks suggests superior processability relative to those with PSt end-blocks. The tensile strength retention at 60°C of the former TPE is far superior to that of a PSt-PIB-PSt triblock of similar composition.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency and molecular-mass-dependent nonexponential proton NMR relaxation in polymer melts (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 931-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation in polymer melts ; relaxation of proton NMR processes in melts (theory) ; chain motions and NMR relaxation in melts ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical treatment of the nonexponential relaxation behavior of the different proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation processes in polymer melts is presented. Formulas are derived for a three-component model given by two versions and a homogeneous distribution of correlation times. The theoretical results were tested with measurements of T1, T2e, and T2 as functions of frequency and molecular mass in linear fractionated polyethylene samples. While the T1 relaxation always yields exponential magnetization decays, the T2e and T2 measurements show biexponential relaxation behavior. From the calculations it was found that the correlation time of the local motion is independent of the molecular mass, whereas the correlation time of the slowest motional process increases with M2.8w for the three-component model and with M2.2w for the distribution of correlation times, respectively. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1992.090300901
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marsupial fertilization: Some further ultrastructural observations on the dasyurid Sminthopsis Crassicaudata (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 277-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Oocyte maturation ; Sperm - egg interaction ; Sperm incorporation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Various morphological aspects of in vivo egg maturation and sperm - egg interaction were investigated in the Australian marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata with the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Cortical granules invariably occurred in primary oocytes, with the number increasing after resumption of the first meiotic division. They generally occurred close to the oolemma, including the region near the oocyte nucleus. After mating, spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, which had a homogeneous electron-dense matrix, were found on the outer zona surface, but loss of acrosomal contents had occurred by the time of zona penetration. Sperm incorporation into the egg took place at the metaphase II stage of meiosis, and, at this time, cortical granules disappeared from the egg cortex. Sperm heads with condensed chromatin in the egg cytoplasm had an electron-dense layer of subacrosomal material over part of the dorsal nuclear surface, but no membranes were present around these incorporated spermatozoa. Sperm chromatin decondensation resulted in an elevation of egg cytoplasm, and the cell membrane over this area lacked microvilli. The pronuclear envelope was not laid down until after chromatin decondensation had occurred. By this time the fertilized egg had reached the uterus, and a smooth, electron-dense, shell membrane had been deposited. These observations, together with our previous findings, indicate that some of the processes of sperm - egg interaction are similar to those in eutherian mammals, whereas others appear highly divergent.
    Additional Material: 47 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080320314
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the oxidation of γ′-Fe4N1-x layers; redistribution of nitrogen (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 19 (1992), S. 633-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Iron nitride (γ-Fe4N1-x) layers produced by gaseous nitriding of pure iron in an NH3/H2 mixture at 843 K were gaseously oxidized at 673 K in pure O2. During oxidation an ε-Fe2N1-y layer developed between a magnetite (Fe3O4) scale and the parent γ′-nitride layer. Porosity was observed in the oxide-adjacent part of the ε-grains. Scanning Auger microscopical analysis and electron probe microanalysis showed (1) that the occurrence of the ε-nitride layer is associated with a locally higher nitrogen content, (2) that no nitrogen is incorporated in the oxide layer and no oxygen is dissolved in the nitride layer and (3) that a nitrogen concentration-depth gradient occurs which corresponds to a change of about 1 at.% N over the thickness of the ε-layer. From a thermodynamical point of view, formation of N2 gas during the oxidation of γ′-nitride is more likely to occur than formation of ε-nitride; the latter reaction appears to be kinetically favoured. Quantitative analysis of the nitrogen redistribution suggests that some of the nitrogen atoms released by conversion of γ′-nitride into magnetite are transformed into N2 which is present in the pores near the oxide/nitride interface.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.7401901118
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second-order, numerical methods for the solution of equations in population modelling (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Applied Numerical Methods 8 (1992), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0748-8025
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A second-order explicit method is developed for the numerical solution of the Ricatti (logistic) initial-value problem u′ ≡ du/dt = αu(1 - u), t 〉 0, u(0) = U0, in which α ≠ 0 is a real parameter. The method is based on two first-order methods which appeared in an earlier paper by the authors (Twizell et al.1). In addition to being chaos-free and of higher order, the novel method is seen to converge to the correct, stable, steady-state solution for any value of the parameter α, provided the denominator of the method does not vanish. Convergence is monotonic or oscillatory depending on the magnitude of the product αl, where l is the parameter in the discretization of the independent variable t. This dependence of the type of convergence on αl is likened to the behaviour of the well known Crank-Nicolson method for solving the simple heat equation. Conversion of the numerical method to a reliable, empirical model for predicting the limited growth of successive generations of a population is given. When extended to the numerical solution of Fisher's equation, in which the quadratic polynomial αu(1 - u) appears as the reaction term, the numerical solution is found by solving a linear algebraic system at each time step, as opposed to solving a non-linear system, which often happens when solving non-linear partial differential equations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630080805
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and calorimetric curing study of amino-terminated PEEK oligomers (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 845-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: PEEK ; reactive oligomer ; crosslinking ; differential scanning calorimetry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amino-terminated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) oligomers were prepared by the condensation of 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone and hydroquinone in the presence of a calculated excess of m-aminophenol endblocker. The molecular weight of the oligomer was controlled by the manipulation of the ratio of difluoride to hydroquinone with the appropriate stoichiometric amount of m-aminophenol ensuring amino termination. The thermally induced self-crosslinking of these oligomers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Curing was found to be quite slow, taking up to 1 h to reach completion at 668 K. Cured materials were all completely amorphous in contrast to the semi-crystalline starting material. The limiting Tg reached on curing was found to be proportional to the percentage of reactive terminal groups, as would be expected.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1992.080300515
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced in vitro growth of murine fibroblast cells and preimplantation embryos cultured in medium supplemented with an amphipathic peptide (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 31 (1992), S. 106-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Embryo development ; Lytic peptide ; Growth factor ; Cecropin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Preliminary studies on the proliferative effects of lytic peptides were carried out using NIH 3T3 murine fibroblast cells and human lymphocytes. Cells were cultured in various concentrations of three different amphipathic peptides (SB-37, Shiva-1, and Vishnu), and enhanced proliferation was determined by uptake of 3Hthymidine with treated cells compared with control cultures. Enhanced proliferation of 3T3 cells was observed in cultures containing 50 μM or less SB-37. The primary study consisted of 263 four-cell- to eight-cell-stage mouse embryos from naturally bred mice and incubated in Whitten's medium containing 0.2, 1, or 10 μM of the amino terminus of an amphipathic cecropin B analog (Vishnu) or in Whitten's medium alone. Embryos were cultured to the hatched blastocyst stage, and effect of treatment was determined by the rate of growth to that stage of development. Statistical analysis revealed that culture in all three levels of Vishnu significantly accelerated in vitro growth of these stages of preimplantation embryos compared with controls. These results indicate that Vishnu promotes increased cleavage rates of embryos in vitro. A growth factor receptor clustering mechanism of action is proposed. This peptide may have some potential as an embryo culture medium additive to enhance in vitro growth rate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080310204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of an easy-processable bismaleimide thermoset resin (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 451-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of methylenedianiline and maleic anhydride in acetone, followed by cyclodehydration in the presence of acetic anhydride and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane as a catalyst, affords a mixture of compounds, Desbimid, with maleimide, isomaleimide, and acetamide groups. Dissolution of this mixture in styrene and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate results in clear liquid resins. The viscosity of the formulated resins ranges from 100-1700 mPas at 25°C depending on the concentration of Desbimid. These systems can be processed and cured at ambient temperatures until demoulding and postcured at temperatures up to 200 or 250°C. The flexural modulus, flexural strength, and elongation at break of a number of cured formulations are found between 3500-3800 N/mm2, 90-115 N/mm2, and 2.7-3.5%, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070450310
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