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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (21)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1990-1994  (23)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1992  (23)
  • 1
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    Origin and use of Martian nomenclature (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The history and construction of Martian place names are examined. The 24 specific descriptor terms in use for Mars are defined. Informal names of individual rocks are discussed: the human fondness for informality is evident in the names attached to individual rocks at the Viking Lander sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1305-1314.
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  • 2
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    Oxygen from the lunar soil by molten silicate electrolysis (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Accepting that oxygen, rather than gigantic gems or gold, is likely to make the Moon's Klondike, the extraction of oxygen from the lunar soil by molten silicate electrolysis has chosen to be investigated. Process theory and proposed lunar factory are addressed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center, Space Resources. Volume 3: Materials; p 195-209
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  • 3
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    Discovery concepts for Mars (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Two focused Mars missions that would fit within the guidelines for the proposed Discovery line are discussed. The first mission would deal with the issue of the escape of the atmosphere (Mars') to space. A complete understanding of this topic is crucial to deciphering the evolution of the atmosphere, climate change, and volatile inventories. The second mission concerns the investigation of remanent magnetization of the crust and its relationship to the ionosphere and the atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Martian Surface and Atmosphere Through Time; p 93
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  • 4
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    The spectroscopy of the atmosphere using far-infrared emission experiment (SAFIRE) (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The goal of the SAFIRE experiment is to improve understanding of the middle-atmospher ozone distribution by conducting and analyzing global-scale measurements of important chemical, radiative and dynamical processes, including coupling among these processes and atmospheric regions. This will be accomplished by observing vertical profiles of temperature and key gases in the main chemical families. A detailed listing of SAFIRE measurements, including sepctral ranges, altitude ranges, IFOV, spatial and temporal resolution, latitude coverage and estimated precision is provided. The temperature, O3, CH4, and H2O observations will be useful for deriving and studying dynamical quantities such as geopotential height, potential vorticity, balanced winds and Eliassen-Palm fluxes. The SAFIRE observations will provide important data for study of chemistry, dynamics and transport processes. This experiment was conceived in response to a need for simultaneous measurements of odd hydrogen gases. These include gases such as OH, HO2, and atomic oxygen, which have not been observed by past satellite experiments and which will not be measured by any of teh Upper Atmosophere Reserach Satellite (UARS) experiments to be launched in 1991.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: The use of EOS for studies of atmospheric physics; Proceedings of the International School of Physics (Enrico Fermi), Course 115, Varenna, Italy, Jun. 26 - Jul. 6, 1990 . A95-89225; p. 481-490
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  • 5
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    Electrolytic smelting of lunar rock for oxygen, iron, and silicon (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Preliminary studies of the electrochemical properties of silicate melts such as those available from heating of lunar mare soils indicate that conductivities are high enough for design of a practical electrolytic cell. The nature and kinetics of the electrode reactions, which involve reduction of Fe(++) and Si(IV) and oxidation of silicate anions as the primary, product-forming reactions, are also satisfactory. A survey of the efficiencies for production (amount of product for a given current) of O2, Fe(sup 0), and Si(sup 0) as functions of potential and of electrolyte composition indicate that conditions can be chosen to yield high production efficiencies. We also conclude that electronic conductivity does not occur to a significant extent. Based on these data, a cell with electrodes of 30 sq m in area operating between 1 and 5V with a current between 1.6 and 3.5(10)(exp 5) A for a mean power requirement of 0.54 MW and total energy use of approximately 13 MWhr per 24-hr day would produce 1 ton of O2, 0.81 ton of Fe(sup 0), 0.65 ton of Si(sup 0) (as Fe(sup 0)-Si(sup 0) alloy), and about 3.5 tons of silicate melt of altered composition per 24 hr. Adjustable distance between electrodes could offer flexibility with respect to feedstock and power source.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center, The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century, Volume 2; p 411-422
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  • 6
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    Venus lightning - An update (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The evidence for Venus lightning comes from three distinct sources: the Venera 11-14 landers, the Venera 9 orbiter and the Pioneer Venus orbiter. The largest data set and the one being analyzed most thoroughly at present comes the VLF electric field experiment on PVO spacecraft. Recent results show that the Poynting flux out of the atmosphere is consistent with that expected from a terrestrial sized source of lightning or possibly one much greater. Estimates of the flash rate from the statistics of impulsive signals also points to a source that is stronger than the terrestrial source. Ongoing studies of the polarization of the signals and their properties relative to their direction of propagation as well as a recalibration of the Pioneer Venus star sensor promise to provide continuing information on this phenomenon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 12; 9 Se
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  • 7
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    Unusually distant bow shock encounters at Venus (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The location of the Venus bow shock on two days (July 6, 1981 and August 4, 1971) when the IMF was strong and the Mach number low is examined. When the solar wind Mach number approaches unity the bow shock appears to be greatly detached from the obstacle. Thus inferences from observations of shocks near planets should be treated cautiously, especially if the Mach number is small or not well known. The case of the Phobos mission to Mars is examined as an example of such a situation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 8 Ap
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  • 8
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    Control of VLF burst activity in the nightside ionosphere of Venus by the magnetic field orientation (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A burst identificaton method developed by Ho et al. (1991) is used to analyze data on the nightside ionosphere of Venus in order to determine whether VLF bursts observed there are better interpreted as whistler mode waves or ion acoustic waves. The correlation between burst occurrence and the angle between the magnetic field and the radial direction, as well as the spacecraft flight direction are examined. Narrow-band 100-Hz bursts are found to be more frequently associated with radial magnetic fields while wideband signals are more frequently associated with horizontal fields. Under the assumption of vertical propagation, the normalized 100-Hz burst rate inside the resonance cone is larger than that outside. The burst rate inside the resonance cone dominates the altitude distribution. By assuming vertical propagation, the 100-Hz signals clearly divide into two populations. One is whistler mode propagating inside the resonance cone. The other is a nonpropagating mode outside the resonance cone which decreases quickly with altitude with a scale height of about 20 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E7 J; 11
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  • 9
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    Variability of Neptune's 12.2-micron ethane emission feature (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: It is presently shown that the ratio of ethane emission to methane emission in Neptune's 7-14 micron spectrum increased by a factor of 1.47 +/- 0.11 in the period between 1985 and 1991, and that the 12.2-micron ethan feature (rather than that of methane at 7.7 microns) is implicated in the greater part of that change. It is speculated that this variation is due either to a nonuniform increase in stratospheric temperature, or (more likely) to an increase in the ethane concentration by over 15 percent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 99; 2; p. 347-352.
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  • 10
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    Impact craters on Venus: An overview from Magellan observations (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Magellan has revealed an ensemble of impact craters on Venus that is unique in many important ways. We have compiled a database describing 842 craters on 89 percent of the planet's surface mapped through orbit 2578 (the craters range in diameter from 1.5 to 280 km). We have studied the distribution, size-frequency, morphology, and geology of these craters both in aggregate and, for some craters, in more detail. We have found the following: (1) the spatial distribution of craters is highly uniform; (2) the size-density distribution of craters with diameters greater than or equal to 35 km is consistent with a 'production' population having a surprisingly young age of about 0.5 Ga (based on the estimated population of Venus-crossing asteroids); (3) the spectrum of crater modification differs greatly from that on other planets--62 percent of all craters are pristine, only 4 percent volcanically embayed, and the remainder affected by tectonism, but none are severely and progressively depleted based on size-density distribution extrapolated from larger craters; (4) large craters have a progression of morphologies generally similar to those on other planets, but small craters are typically irregular or multiple rather than bowl shaped; (5) diffuse radar-bright or -dark features surround some craters, and about 370 similar diffuse 'splotches' with no central crater are observed whose size-density distribution is similar to that of small craters; and (6) other features unique to Venus include radar-bright or -dark parabolic arcs opening westward and extensive outflows originating in crater ejecta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Papers Presented to the International Colloquium on Venus; p 100-101
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