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  • Articles  (240)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (131)
  • Humans  (109)
  • 1990-1994  (240)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1915-1919
  • 1992  (240)
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  • Articles  (240)
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  • 1990-1994  (240)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 1915-1919
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heparin inhibition of autonomous growth implicates amphiregulin as an autocrine growth factor for normal human mammary epithelial cells (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 153 (1992), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) proliferate in a serum-free defined growth medium in the absence of epidermal growth factor (Li and Shipley, 1991). Amphiregulin (AR) is a heparin-regulated, EGF-like growth factor. Our observation that one strain of HMECs produce AR mRNA (Cook et al., 1991a) stimulated us to determine whether AR expression was a common phenomenon in HMECs and whether AR could act as an autocrin growth factor to support the EGF-independent growth of these cells. In this study, we detected high levels of AR expression in four separate HMEC strains while one immortal mammary cell line (HBL-100) and six mammary tumor-derived cell lines had low to undetectable levels of AR. The EGF-indendent growth of HMECs was blocked by the addition of heparin or a monoclonal anti-RGF receptors antibody to the culture medium, implication AR as an autocrine growth mediator. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that medium conditioned by HMECs contains secreted AR protein. A mammary tumor-derived cell line, Hs578T, which proliferates in an EGF-independent manner, does not express detectable levels of AR and is not growth inhibited by heparin. Examination of the same cell types for expression of transforming growth factor type-alpha (TGF-α) mRNA revealed coordinate expression of AR and TGF-α in these cells. These data suggest that both AR and TGF-α mRNA are produced in much greater abundance by normal HMECs than in tumor-derived cells in culture, and that AR is an important autostimulatory factor for the growth of normal HMECs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041530114
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  • 2
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    Mutations in the rod domains of keratins 1 and 10 in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-21
    Description: Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is a hereditary skin disorder characterized by blistering and a marked thickening of the stratum corneum. In one family, affected individuals exhibited a mutation in the highly conserved carboxyl terminal of the rod domain of keratin 1. In two other families, affected individuals had mutations in the highly conserved amino terminal of the rod domain of keratin 10. Structural analysis of these mutations predicts that heterodimer formation would be unaffected, although filament assembly and elongation would be severely compromised. These data imply that an intact keratin intermediate filament network is required for the maintenance of both cellular and tissue integrity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rothnagel, J A -- Dominey, A M -- Dempsey, L D -- Longley, M A -- Greenhalgh, D A -- Gagne, T A -- Huber, M -- Frenk, E -- Hohl, D -- Roop, D R -- HD25479/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 21;257(5073):1128-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1380725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; DNA/chemistry ; Humans ; Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Congenital/*genetics ; Keratins/chemistry/*genetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: Comparative genomic hybridization produces a map of DNA sequence copy number as a function of chromosomal location throughout the entire genome. Differentially labeled test DNA and normal reference DNA are hybridized simultaneously to normal chromosome spreads. The hybridization is detected with two different fluorochromes. Regions of gain or loss of DNA sequences, such as deletions, duplications, or amplifications, are seen as changes in the ratio of the intensities of the two fluorochromes along the target chromosomes. Analysis of tumor cell lines and primary bladder tumors identified 16 different regions of amplification, many in loci not previously known to be amplified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kallioniemi, A -- Kallioniemi, O P -- Sudar, D -- Rutovitz, D -- Gray, J W -- Waldman, F -- Pinkel, D -- CA 44768/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 45919/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 47537/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):818-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; DNA Probes ; DNA, Neoplasm/*genetics ; Female ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Gene Amplification ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oncogenes ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Rhodamines ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Potentially amyloidogenic, carboxyl-terminal derivatives of the amyloid protein precursor (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-07
    Description: The 39- to 43-amino acid amyloid beta protein (beta AP), which is deposited as amyloid in Alzheimer's disease, is encoded as an internal peptide that begins 99 residues from the carboxyl terminus of a 695- to 770-amino acid glycoprotein referred to as the amyloid beta protein precursor (beta APP). To clarify the processing that produces amyloid, carboxyl-terminal derivatives of the beta APP were analyzed. This analysis showed that the beta APP is normally processed into a complex set of 8- to 12-kilodalton carboxyl-terminal derivatives. The two largest derivatives in human brain have the entire beta AP at or near their amino terminus and are likely to be intermediates in the pathway leading to amyloid deposition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Estus, S -- Golde, T E -- Kunishita, T -- Blades, D -- Lowery, D -- Eisen, M -- Usiak, M -- Qu, X M -- Tabira, T -- Greenberg, B D -- AG06656/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG08012/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG08992/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 7;255(5045):726-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuropathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1738846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/*biosynthesis ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Molecular Weight ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolution of two west African populations (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160241
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methylation of the 5′ flanking sequences of the ribosomal DNA in human cell lines and in a human-hamster hybird cell line (1992)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 50 (1992), S. 357-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: rDNA ; lymphoblastoid ; methylation ; hypermethylation ; DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In human lymphoplastoid cell line (Z83) in which rDNA genes on chromosomes 22 are amplified but transcribed at a low level, immunocytological studies with antibodies to 5 methylcytidine provided evidence for hypermethylation of the rDNA. The extent of methylation of the 5′ flanking sequence of the ribosomal DNA was examined by comapring the size of restriciton fragments obtained by digestion of genomic DNA with EcoRI and Hpall or EcoRI and Mpsl. Southern blots indicated hypermethylation of the 5′ flanking sequences of many copies of rRNA genes in these cells, but not in a control lymphoblastoid cell line without rDNA amplification. Results obtained with somatic hybird human-hamster cell line, in which the rRNA genes on the single human chromosomes 22 are inactive, showed that only a small fraction of the CCGG sites in the 5′ flanking sequences of the transcriptionally silent rRNA genes in this hybird were methylated. Since inactive rRNA genes can show such a minimal level of methylation, it is likely that the extreme hypermethylation of the apmlified rRNA genes in Z83 association with their inactivation rather than following it. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240500404
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual demonstration of the limb-forming zone in the chick embryo lateral plate (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 305-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present study was undertaken to determine whether a visible Wolffian ridge, distinct from the lateral fold, can be identified in chick embryos. Ectoderm thickness was measured in stage 11-17 chick embryos. There was a general trend, from thin ectoderm in the midline, to an ectodermal thickening over the somites, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate. Other embryos were cut from the yolk, pinned out, and photographed. The lateral fold was then eliminated, and the embryo was rephotographed. The photographs reveal a definite opaic zone, distinct from the lateral fold, in stage 11-18 chick embryos. Furthermore, there is a direct correlation between the opacity of this cellular band and the limb-forming potential of grafted wing, flank, and leg regions (see Stephens et al., '89). At stages 11-14, the wing, flank, and leg exhibit a uniform opacity, and a uniform capacity for limb formation when grafted to a host celom. From stage 15 to stage 18, the opacity in the flank diminishes, and its limb-forming capability disappears. This study demonstrates the presence of an opaic zone, which we have called the limb-forming zone (LFZ) along the lateral side of early chick embryos, which is independent of the lateral fold, is not as extensive as the lateral plate, and is not simply associated with ectodermal thickening, but which is directly correlated with limb-forming potential in the lateral plate. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052130304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative regulation of gene expression by TGF-β (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Metalloproteinase ; Stromelysin ; Protooncogenes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stromelysin gene expression is transcriptionally activated by a number of growth factors (e.g., EGF and PDGF), tumor promoters (e.g., TPA), and oncogenes (e.g., ras, src) through an AP-1-dependent mechanism. TGF-β repression of stromelysin induction is mediated at the level of transcription by an element located at position -709 in the rat stromelysin promoter referred to as the TGF-β inhibitory element (TIE). A TIE-binding protein complex is induced by treatment of rat fibroblasts with TGF-β. This protein complex contains the protooncogene c-fos, and induction of c-fos by TGF-β is required for the repressive effects of TGF-β on stromelysin gene expression. Interestingly, c-fos induction is also required for stimulation of stromelysin expression by EGF in rat fibroblasts. Preliminary studies suggest that differential regulation of members of the jun family of early-response genes may explain this apparent paradox and determine whether stromelysin is induced or repressed by growth factors. TGF-β stimulation therefore initiates a cascade of events that results in a specific pattern of gene expression: the direct stimulation of early-response genes can lead to subsequent induction or repression of other genes.Growth factor regulation of matrix metalloproteinases appears to play a role in embryonic development in the morphogenesis of the murine lung. Treatment of embryonic lungs in organ culture with the growth factors EGF or TGF-β results in stimulation of growth and inhibition of branching morphogenesis. A similar inhibition of branching was observed when these lung rudiments were treated with the matrix metalloproteinase collagenase. Most interestingly, the effects of EGF and TGF-β can be completely reversed by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TIMP. TGF-β has the opposite effect on growth of murine lung rudiments - growth is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. This example illustrates a potential role for growth factor regulation of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases in complex developmental processes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080320206
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sperm capacitation in the domestic cat (Felis catus) and leopard cat (Felis bengalensis) as studied with a salt-stored zona pellucida penetration assay (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 31 (1992), S. 200-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Protein-free medium ; BSA ; In vitro sperm penetration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ability of domestic cat or leopard cat spermatozoa to penetrate zonae pellucidae (ZP) of salt-stored, domestic cat oocytes was examined as an assay for sperm capacitation. Ovarian oocytes were recovered after ovariectomy and matured in vitro for 18-36 h. Following removal of cumulus cells, the oocytes were used fresh, or stored (4°C, 0.5-24 weeks) in a HEPES-buffered hypertonic salt solution. Electroejaculated, washed sperm (2-4 × 106 sperm/ml) were preincubated for 1.0 h (38°C, 5% CO2 in air) and then co-incubated (2 × 105 sperm/ml) with fresh or stored oocytes for 6.0 h. Gametes were incubated in a protein-free, modified Tyrode's solution (TLP-PVA) or in the same medium containing 4.0 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA; TALP-PVA). Treatments were compared for percentage ZP penetration (defined as sperm heads reaching more than halfway through the ZP) as an index of sperm capacitation. In both the domestic cat and leopard cat, there was no difference (P 〉 0.05) in sperm penetration of fresh ZP (domestic cat, 42.5 ± 5.4%; leopard cat, 38.6 ± 2.8%) or stored ZP (domestic cat, 32.4 ± 4.2%; leopard cat, 27.6 ± 2.3%). Sperm incubated in protein-free medium (TLP-PVA) were less capable (P〈0.05) of ZP penetration (domestic cat, 14.6 ± 5.9%; leopard cat, 7.9 ± 3.0%) than sperm incubated in medium TALP-PVA containing BSA (domestic cat, 60.3 ± 5.9%; leopard cat, 58.4 ± 3.0%). These data indicate that (1) albumin facilitates capacitation and ZP penetrating ability of cat spermatozoa; (2) domestic cat ZP appear to lack a block to heterospecific penetration by “foreign” (leopard cat) sperm; and (3) penetration of stored domestic cat ZP can be used as an index of sperm capacitation in the domestic cat and the leopard cat.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080310307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential induction of heme oxygenase in the hepatocarcinoma cell line (Hep3B) by environmental agents (1992)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 49 (1992), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: heme ; heme oxygenase ; mRNA ; environmental agents ; metalloporphyrins ; lipopolysaccharide ; acute phase ; Hep3B ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In situ hybridization and Northern analysis of heme oxygenase (HO) mRNA was used to determine the induction and expression of HO by various environmental agents. Exposure of Hep3B cells to hemin (10 μM) for as little as 5 min resulted in significant production of HO transcripts and mRNA expression as seen by in situ hybridization. We followed the pattern of HO transcript accumulation by heme and results indicate that the peak of induction of HO by heme was reached between 10 and 20 minutes. Other metalloporphyrins were all effective in inducing HO mRNA after 1 h exposure. On the other hand, CoCl2 caused accumulation of HO mRNA at a later time than seen with the metalloporphyrins. However, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) gave a more immediate effect on HO induction which was somewhat similar to heme in its time course. Direct measurements of HO activity revealed that enzyme activity could be detected after about 20 min exposure to hemin, and this activity was inhibited by tin protoporphyrin (SnPP). The different pattern of HO mRNA induction by LPS as contrasted with CoCl2 suggests that LPS may act through a different translational factor, or stimulate free radical formation and the subsequent release of heme and induction of HO. These results indicate that heme causes accumulation of HO mRNA by a different mechanism than that of CoCl2. Finally, LPS shares a concomitant effect on induction of HO as an acute phase reactant type protein.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240490308
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