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  • Springer  (82)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd
  • 2000-2004
  • 1990-1994  (82)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1925-1929
  • 1992  (82)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The r.le programs for multiscale analysis of landscape structure using the GRASS geographical information system (1992)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 7 (1992), S. 291-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: landscape structure ; software ; geographical information systems ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Geographical information systems (GIS) are well suited to the spatial analysis of landscape data, but generally lack programs for calculating traditional measures of landscape structure (e.g., fractal dimension). Standalone programs for calculating landscape structure measures do exist, but these programs do not enable the user to take advantage of GIS facilities for manipulating and analyzing landscape data. Moreover, these programs lack capabilities for analysis with sampling areas of different size (multiscale analysis) and also lack some needed measures of landscape structure (e.g., texture). We have developed the r.le programs for analyzing landscape structure using the GRASS GIS. The programs can be used to calculate over sixty measures of landscape structure (e.g., distance, size, shape, fractal dimension, perimeters, diversity, texture, juxtaposition, edges) within sampling areas of several sizes simultaneously. Also possible are moving window analyses, which enable the production of new maps of the landscape structure within windows of a particular size. These new maps can then be used in other analyses with the GIS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00131258
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critique of DIN Kernel Lisp definition version 1.2 (1992)
    Springer
    Higher-order and symbolic computation 4 (1992), S. 371-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0557
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A critique of DIN Kernel Lisp is presented which argues for greater emphasis on implementation efficiency and language cleanliness, and a greater emphasis onParallel andpersistent Lisp environments. Specific recommendations include standardizing the S-expression rather than the character form of a program, using lexical scoping and shadowing to enhance subsystem modularity, relying on macros and compiler-macros for more pleasant syntax and greater modularity, requiring immutable/functional bindings, strings, vectors and lists; using object-oriented capabilities to build basic capabilities-e.g., generic arithmetic, streams and pathnames, relying ondefstruct instead ofdefclass, and standardizing ondefmethod for all function definitions. A virtual/synthetic class mechanism is presented to solve certain technical problems analogous to those solved by the “virtual function” mechanism of C++. Finally, we recommend the inclusion offutures as DKLisp's fundamental mechanism for the introduction of multiple parallel threads of computation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807180
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A decision procedure for common Lisp'sSUBTYPEP predicate (1992)
    Springer
    Higher-order and symbolic computation 5 (1992), S. 157-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0557
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Common Lisp [25],[26] includes a dynamic datatype system of moderate complexity, as well as predicates for checking the types of language objects. Additionally, an interesting predicate of two “type specifiers”—SUBTYPEP—is included in the language. Thissubtypep predicate provides a mechanism with which to query the Common Lisp type system regarding containment relations among the various built-in and user-defined types. Whilesubtypep is rarely needed by an applications programmer, the efficiency of a Common Lisp implementation can depend critically upon the quality of itssubtypep predicate: the run-time system typically calls uponsubtypep to decide what sort of representations to use when making arrays; the compiler calls uponsubtypep to interpret userdeclarations, on which efficient data representation and code generation decisions are based. As might be expected due to the complexity of the Common Lisp type system, there may be type containment questions which cannot be decided. In these casessubtypep is expected to return “can't determine”, in order to avoid giving an incorrect answer. Unfortunately, most Common Lisp implementations have abused this license by answering “can't determine” in all but the most trivial cases.In particular, most Common Lisp implementations of SUBTYPEP fail on the basic axioms of the Common Lisp type system itself [25][26]. This situation is particularly embarrassing for Lisp-the premier “symbol processing language”—in which the implementation of complex symbolic logical operations should be relatively easy. Sincesubtypep was presumably included in Common Lisp to answer thehard cases of type containment, this “lazy evaluation” limits the usefulness of an important language feature. This paper shows how those type containment relations of Common Lisp which can be decided at all, can be decided simply and quickly by a decision procedure which can dramatically reduce the number of occurrences of the “can't determine” answer fromsubtypep. This decision procedure doesnot require the conversion of a type specifier expression to conjunctive or disjunctive normal form, and therefore does not incur the exponential explosion in space and time that such a conversion would entail. The lattice mechanism described here for decidingsubtypep is also ideal for performingtype inference [2]; the particular implementation developed here, however, is specific to the type system of Common Lisp [4]. Categories and Subject Descriptors: Lisp, dynamic typing, compiler optimization, type inference, decision procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807504
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pilot plant: An affordable step toward fusion power (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 11 (1992), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: fusion ; energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Progress is reported on a study to define a “pilot plant” to demonstrate the production of high grade heat in a fusion power plant configuration at the lowest possible capital cost. We are considering several driven reactor tokamak designs with fusion power production levels in the 15–50 MWth range, using demountable copper coils. We conclude that it is acceptable for such facilities to be net consumers of electricity as a trade-off to achieve low capital cost, which we estimate to be in the $1 billion range. These designs are based on currently accepted physics models. Even lower cost designs may be possible, if we depart somewhat from the current physics database.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080171
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The landscape ecology of large disturbances in the design and management of nature reserves (1992)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 7 (1992), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: disturbances ; nature reserves ; landscape ecology ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Large disturbances such as fires and floods are landscape processes that may alter the structure of landscapes in nature reserves. Landscape structure may in turn influence the viability of species and the functioning of ecosystems. Past reserve design and management strategies have been focussed on species and ecosystems rather than on landscape-scale processes, such as disturbance. An essential feature of a natural disturbance regime is the variation in disturbance attributes (e.g., size, timing, intensity, spatial location). Although some past reserve management policies have included natural disturbances, perpetuating disturbance variation has not been the explicit goal of either reserve design or management. To design a reserve to perpetuate the natural disturbance process requires consideration of: (1) the size of the reserve in relation to maximum expected disturbance size, (2) the location of the reserve in relation to favored disturbance initiation and export zones and in relation to spatial variation in the disturbance regime, and (3) the feasibility of disturbance control at reserve boundaries, or in reserve buffers. Disturbance management possibilities are constrained by the design of the reserve and the reserve goals. Where a natural disturbance regime is not feasible, then it is important that the managed disturbance regime mimic historical variation in disturbance sizes and other attributes as well as possible. Manipulating structure on the landscape scale to restore landscapes thought to have been altered by historical disturbance control is premature given our understanding of spatial disturbance processes in landscapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133309
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The not so simple relationship between seismicity and oil production in the Permian Basin, west Texas (1992)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 139 (1992), S. 481-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Oil fild seismicity ; west Texas earthquakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have relocated seismicity occurring in the Permian Basin of west Texas between 1975 and 1979 using three-dimensional velocity models constructed from well log information and compared the locations to detailed geological and geophysical models of specific oil fields. The seismicity appears to be related to a variety of causes including migration of naturally occurring overpressured fluids, tectonic activity, reservoir production, and enhanced recovery operations. Many earthquakes may represent a combination of these effects. Although the Permian Basin is the site of numerous oil and gas fields, only a limited number of fields appears to be associated with seismicity. We find that there are similarities in the structural setting in the fields associated with seismicity. Furthermore, fields within the Delaware Basin that are associated with seismicity are located in regions of high vertical and lateral fluid pressure gradients related to an overpressured zone within the Delaware Basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879948
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The gene for the human IgA Fc receptor maps to 19q13.4 (1992)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 89 (1992), S. 107-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human gene for the receptor for the Fc portion of IgA has been mapped to chromosome 19, more specifically to 19q13.4, by Southern blot analysis of somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207054
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental investigation of interactions in snail-macrophyte-epiphyte systems (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 587-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Freshwater snails ; Macrophytes ; Grazing ; Epiphytes ; Mutualism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An experimental investigation under field conditions of enclosures containing freshwater pulmonate snails, the macrophyteCeratophyllum demersum and epiphytes, produced evidence of beneficial interactions.Ceratophyllum growth, measured in terms of stem length, numbers of leaf-nodes and growing tips and leaf survival was significantly enhanced in the presence of snails. This effect was attributed to the increased availability of plant nutrients of snail origin, such as phosphates and ammonia, as well as to the snails' action as “cleaning symbionts” in reducing the density of bacterial and algal epiphyton potentially deleterious to macrophytes. Principal component analysis revealed both seasonal and treatment effects of snail grazing on algal epiphyton. Small adnate algal species (e.g.Cocconeis placentula) survived grazing and benefited from the removal of larger, competitor, species. Snail densities increased in all treatments, despite high (86%) juvenile mortality. It is concluded that freshwater pulmonate snails are strong interactors in lentic habitats, enhancing the growth ofCeratophyllum and producing characterisic epiphyte communities. This benefits not only the snails, but also the plants and epiphytes that are associated with them. Thus the interactions between these component parts of the community can be considered as mutualistic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00650335
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Causes of a non-random pairing by size in the brine shrimp, Artemia salina: (Crustacea: Anostraca) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Artemia salina ; Size advantage ; Size-assortative pairing ; Encounter rates ; Reproductive success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) males and females entered precopula assortatively by size in the laboratory; large males also had a pairing advantage over smaller males. We investigated the causes of such nonrandom pairing to test hypotheses on size-assortative mating. We found precopulatory biases with respect to male size in the absence of direct competition among males (which produces pairing biases in other species). Large males encountered females significantly more often than did small males. Similarly, large females encountered males more often than did small females, but showed less ‘willingness’ than small females to enter precopula when housed with small males. Consequently, large females took longer than small females to enter precopula with small males. Although large males entered precopula readily with small females, such size-mismatched pairs appeared short-lived. We conclude that non-random pairing by size in A. salina is determined by several factors including: encounter rates between males and females of different sizes, female behavior, and time following initial pair formation. Our results are likely applicable to other species and can help explain variation for selection on size or other traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317786
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaflets of peanut, Arachis hypogaea (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somatic embryos were induced on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) leaflets from aseptically germinated embryo axes. Leaflet size influenced percent somatic embryogenesis; 5–8 mm long cut leaflets were superior to 2–3 mm long uncut leaflets. Maximum embryogenesis of 14.6% was obtained after a 15 d incubation on induction medium (modified MS with B5 vitamins, 30 g/l sucrose, 4 g/l Gel-Gro, 40 mg/l 2,4-D +0.2 mg/l kinetin) followed by transfer to a secondary medium with 5 mg/l 2,4-D+0.2 mg/l kinetin. Primary somatic embryos were fused along the axes with no distinct cotyledons, but secondary embryos had single axes with two cotyledons. Other treatments had lower percent embryogenesis, no secondary embryogenesis, and embryos with single axes with two cotyledons. Some somatic embryos converted into normal plants capable of greenhouse survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235256
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