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  • Humans  (2)
  • Life Sciences (General)  (2)
  • Air traffic control
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1990-1994  (2)
  • 1935-1939
  • 2003  (3)
  • 1992  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From ethnographic record to system design (1992)
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 1 (1992), S. 123-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Keywords: Air traffic control ; Command and control ; CSCW ; Ethnography ; HCI ; Interdisciplinary design ; Social organisation of work ; Sociality of technology ; System design ; Teamwork
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the issues involved in moving from ethnographic explorations of work in context to a practical contribution to system design. It does so using the example of an interdisciplinary research project involving sociologists and computer scientists in the domain of air traffic control systems. It forms a pair with another paper (Sommerville et al., 1992) exploring these questions from the perspective of our computer science partners. We characterise ethnography as a research method, and consider the differences between undertaking it for strictly sociological or anthropological purposes by contrast with interdisciplinary and design purposes. We summarise some of our results in ethnographic explications of the work of air traffic controllers, and the sociality which it manifests. We describe the dialogues involved in rendering these observations ‘informative’ for systems design, and the mutual translations implied in attempting to reconcile sociological with software engineering questions about supporting the work. We conclude by specifying some features of cooperative work which an engineering approach is in danger of overlooking; the ways, and limits, in which ethnographers can form a ‘bridge’ between users and designers; and some of the conflicts of interest entrained in generating technical change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00752435
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Degradation of coral reef ecosystems began centuries ago, but there is no global summary of the magnitude of change. We compiled records, extending back thousands of years, of the status and trends of seven major guilds of carnivores, herbivores, and architectural species from 14 regions. Large animals declined before small animals and architectural species, and Atlantic reefs declined before reefs in the Red Sea and Australia, but the trajectories of decline were markedly similar worldwide. All reefs were substantially degraded long before outbreaks of coral disease and bleaching. Regardless of these new threats, reefs will not survive without immediate protection from human exploitation over large spatial scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Bradbury, Roger H -- Sala, Enric -- Hughes, Terence P -- Bjorndal, Karen A -- Cooke, Richard G -- McArdle, Deborah -- McClenachan, Loren -- Newman, Marah J H -- Paredes, Gustavo -- Warner, Robert R -- Jackson, Jeremy B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):955-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Post Office Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. pandolfi.john@nmnh.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Culture ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Population Dynamics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hughes, T P -- Baird, A H -- Bellwood, D R -- Card, M -- Connolly, S R -- Folke, C -- Grosberg, R -- Hoegh-Guldberg, O -- Jackson, J B C -- Kleypas, J -- Lough, J M -- Marshall, P -- Nystrom, M -- Palumbi, S R -- Pandolfi, J M -- Rosen, B -- Roughgarden, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):929-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. terry.hughes@jcu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 4
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    Effects of dimethyl prostaglandin A1 on herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus replication (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have investigated the direct effect of dimethyl prostaglandin A1 (dmPGA1) on the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). dmPGA1 significantly inhibited viral replication in both HSV and HIV infection systems at concentrations of dmPGA1 that did not adversely alter cellular DNA synthesis. The 50% inhibitory concentration (ID50) for several HSV type 1 (HSV-1) strains ranged from 3.8 to 5.6 micrograms/ml for Vero cells and from 4.6 to 7.3 micrograms/ml for human foreskin fibroblasts. The ID50s for two HSV-2 strains varied from 3.8 to 4.5 micrograms/ml for Vero cells; the ID50 was 5.7 micrograms/ml for human foreskin fibroblasts. We found that closely related prostaglandins did not have the same effect on the replication of HSV; dmPGE2 and dmPGA2 caused up to a 60% increase in HSV replication compared with that in untreated virus-infected cells. HIV-1 replication in acutely infected T cells (VB line) and chronically infected macrophages was assessed by quantitative decreases in p24 concentration. The effective ID50s were 2.5 micrograms/ml for VB cells acutely infected with HIV-1 and 5.2 micrograms/m for chronically infected macrophages. dmPGA1 has an unusual broad-spectrum antiviral activity against both HSV and HIV-1 in vitro and offers a new class of potential therapeutic agents for in vivo use.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (ISSN 0066-4804); Volume 36; 10; 2253-8
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    A short pulse of mechanical force induces gene expression and growth in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts via an ERK 1/2 pathway (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Physiological mechanical loading is crucial for maintenance of bone integrity and architecture. We have calculated the strain caused by gravity stress on osteoblasts and found that 4-30g corresponds to physiological levels of 40-300 microstrain. Short-term gravity loading (15 minutes) induced a 15-fold increase in expression of growth-related immediate early gene c-fos, a 5-fold increase in egr-1, and a 3-fold increase in autocrine bFGF. The non-growth-related genes EP-1, TGF-beta, and 18s were unaffected by gravity loading. Short-term physiological loading induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner with maximum phosphorylation saturating at mechanical loading levels of 12g (p 〈 0.001) with no effect on total ERK. The phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was unaffected by mechanical force. g-Loading did not activate P38 MAPK or c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Additionally, a gravity pulse resulted in the localization of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 to the nucleus; this did not occur in unloaded cells. The induction of c-fos was inhibited 74% by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (p 〈 0.001) but was not affected by MEK1 or p38 MAPK-specific inhibitors. The long-term consequence of a single 15-minute gravity pulse was a 64% increase in cell growth (p 〈 0.001). U0126 significantly inhibited gravity-induced growth by 50% (p 〈 0.001). These studies suggest that short periods of physiological mechanical stress induce immediate early gene expression and growth in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts primarily through an ERK 1/2-mediated pathway.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ISSN 0884-0431); Volume 18; 1; 58-66
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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