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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 4415-4418 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The control of the thermal gradient in single crystal grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth method is demonstrated through focalization of the laser beam into two different regions of the starting feed stock. To create these conditions, an optical component consisting of two incomplete spherical mirrors with the same focal distances was designed and built in copper and coated with aluminum. The performance of this component was tested in the crystal growth of lithium niobate rods with a radius larger than the critical radius calculated from the theoretical model for single focalization of the laser beam. Thermal gradient and temperature profiles along the crystal axis were measured with single and double focalization of the laser beam during the crystal growth process. The measured data indicate that the main differences in the thermal gradients of both configurations are found in the first two millimeters away from the melt–crystal interface. Single crystal rods of lithium niobate grown along the c axis with radius larger than the critical one are demonstrated with the use of this optical component. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 13 (2001), S. 3049-3060 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Previous studies on shock–vortex interactions have either been numerical in nature with idealized boundary conditions and prescribed vortex flows, or in complex experimental flow fields, such as where the vortex is shed at the trailing edge of an aerofoil. In this study a bifurcated shock tube facility has been constructed where two plane waves arrive sequentially at the trailing edge of a wedge. The first shock wave results in a spiral vortex being shed, which is then impacted by the second wave. Accurate control of the delay between the two shock waves was achieved using a highly repeatable piston actuated shock tube driver. A number of interesting new features of this interaction have been identified. The work specifically examines the development of a transient pressure spike, physically occupying an area less than 0.5 mm in diameter and having a duration of 15 μs, with a pressure nearly two-and-a-half times that of the surrounding fluid. This has been done both numerically using an adapting mesh Euler code, and experimentally, the latter with the careful use of fast response miniature pressure transducers. Numerically generated holographic interferograms and shadowgraph images have been generated for direct visual comparisons with the equivalent experimental results of the whole flow field, from which the reason for the production of the pressure spike is established as being due to local shock wave focusing resulting from part of the shock being pulled around the vortex to impact on itself. The generation of a second pressure peak is also examined, as is the wave field emanating from the interaction and the influence on the vortex. The use of both experimental images and numerical flow visualization algorithms were found to provide complimentary information, which allowed for detailed investigation and understanding of the shock wave–vortex interaction. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A network flow algorithm has been developed for the optimization of real-time operation of a multiple reservoir system. Two purposes have been considered in the operation: flood control and hydropower generation. A special network structure was developed which allows the consideration of river routing. A multiobjective formulation is utilized thus allowing generation of a non-dominated curve. The effect of imperfect forecast on the performance of the real-time operation model is also evaluated. An application is made to a subsystem of the Brazilian hydroelectric system, located in the Paranapanema river basin. In this case study, the model showed good performance under the largest flood of the historical records.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 413 (2001), S. 16-16 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir Unlike Europe or the United States, where the demand for people with PhDs is relatively low in the scientific market, Brazil still needs these PhDs in research positions, mainly in the universities, which nowadays are seriously understaffed. Yet we have a dramatic problem, ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 414 (2001), S. 98-104 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments known as 'niches' has been widely invoked. But niches have remained largely a theoretical construct because of the difficulty of identifying and manipulating individual stem cells and their surroundings. Technical advances ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 194 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivated in solid state on sugarcane bagasse–wheat bran (5:1) medium in the presence of veratryl alcohol resulted in an increased production of the fruiting body at earlier times compared to when the fungus was grown in the absence of veratryl alcohol. The results indicate a new physiological role for veratryl alcohol in stimulating fruiting body formation. Veratryl alcohol also stimulated laccase production during the mycelial growth stage. Evidence is also presented that laccases were involved in the physiological development of the fruiting body.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 72 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We found that during d-xylose fermentation to ethanol by Pachysolen tannophilus the amount of xylitol produced decreased dramatically while CO2 increased when the temperature was raised from 30 to 37°C. Acetaldehyde was detected only at 37°C. However, no significant change in the amount of ethanol production was observed. A similar trend was observed when the cells were treated with 10 μM 2,4-dinitrophenol. Furthermore, the enzyme d-xylose reductase displayed a similar activation energy in cells grown either at 30 or 37°C. These data suggest that in P. tannophilus oxidative phosphorylation becomes uncoupled at higher temperature.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tobacco hornworm ; Manduca sexta ; parasitoids ; Cotesia congregata ; allelochemicals ; nicotine ; nutritional indices ; tri-trophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que les influences des substances allélochimiques des plantes et du parasitisme aient été étudiées séparément, leurs effets combinés sur l'utilisation des aliments après ingestion par un herbivore n'avaient pas été examinés. Il est probable que les substances allélochimiques peuvent agir sur l'adéquation des herbivores pour leurs parasitoïdes, ou que la présence de parasitoïdes peut influer sur l'action des substances allélochimiques sur les indices nutritionnels des herbivores. Manduca sexta L. et son parasitoïde, Cotesia congregata Say fournissent un bon modèle pour étudier les interactions entre parasitisme et substances allélochimiques sur la croissance, la consommation et l'utilisation de la nourriture ingérée chez les larves de M. sexta. Les taux de croissance, la consommation et l'efficacité de la conversion des chenilles de 33 et 43 stades ne sont pas influencés significativement par les intéractions entre nicotine alimentaire et parasitisme. Cependant, le parasitisme réduit le taux de croissance des chenilles du 5e stade, ce qui se traduit par une réduction de leur consommation. La digestibilité des aliments ingérés a été augmentée chez les chenilles parasitées, mais non lorsque l'aliment consommé contenait de la nicotine. L'examen des valeurs de ECD et de ECI montre que l'ingestion de nicotine alimentaire réduit l'efficacité de la conversion des aliments digérés et ingérés par des chenilles non-parasitées, mais ces indices étaient supérieurs à ceux des chenilles parasitées. Ces résultats suggèrent que lorsque les chenilles sont parasitées après la mue du 33 stade, C. congregata n'influence pas l'alimentation de son hôte jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne le dernier stade. La nicotine, dans les tissus de l'hôte, dépasse les effets du parasitisme. Il est probable qu'aucun des changements observés ne provient d'un effet direct sur les processus d'assimilation et de conversion mais plutôt de l'exposition des parasitoïdes à la nicotine dans l'hémolymphe de la chenille.
    Notes: Abstract The interactive effects of dietary nicotine (0.1%) and parasitism by Cotesia congregata (Say) (Braconidae) on post-ingestive utilization of food by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae) were studied in the laboratory. The rates of growth and consumption and the food utilization indices of third and fourth instar hornworms were not significantly influenced by the interactive effect of dietary nicotine and parasitism. However, parasitism reduced the growth rate of fifth instar hornworms, resulting from a reduction in their consumption rate. Efficiency of digestion of ingested food was enhanced in parasitized larvae, but not when they ingested diets containing nicotine. Ingestion of dietary nicotine reduced the efficiency of conversion of digested and ingested food of unparasitized hornworms as reflected in ECD and ECI values, but these indices were larger than in parasitized hosts. Results suggest that when hornworm larvae are parasitized after ecdysis to the third instar, C. congregata does not influence feeding by its larval host until the host reaches its terminal instar. Nicotine, within host tissues, ‘over-rides’ any effect caused by parasitism. It is probable that any change observed may not result from a direct effect on the assimilation and conversion processes of the hornworm larva but due to parasitoids' exposure to nicotine in the hornworm's hemolymph.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 373-376 (Aug. 2001), p. 705-708 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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