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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (46)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (46)
  • 1990-1994  (46)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1993  (24)
  • 1990  (22)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (46)
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  • 1990-1994  (46)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The η3, η2, η2-dodeca-2(E), 6(E), 10(Z)-trien-1-yl-nickel(II) complexes [Ni(C12H19)]X (X = SbF6, O3SCF3) were treated in toluene with amorphous aluminium trifluoride (which was prepared from AlEt3 and BF3 · OEt2) in a mole ratio 1 : 10 to 20, forming a highly active catalyst for the 1,4-cis polymerization of butadiene. This catalyst is comparable in its activity and selectivity, and in the molar mass distribution of the polybutadiene, with the technical nickel catalyst Ni(O2CR)2/BF3ċOEt2/AlE3 developed by Bridgestone Tire Company thirty years ago. The existence of the C12-allynickel(II) cation [Ni(C12H19)]+ on the AlF3 support could be proved by FAB mass spectroscopic measurements. In agreement with our reaction model for the allyl nickel complex catalyzed butadiene polymerization, it is concluded that the technical nickel catalyst in its effective structure can be described as a polybutadienylnickel(II) complex co-ordinated to a polymeric fluoroaluminate anion via a fluoride bridge.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A new spectroscopic method for determining the permeability of ammonia in transparent polymer layers is presented. It is based on the quantitative proof of the ammonia passing the test layer into a sensor layer, containing 4-nitrophenol as an NH3-sensitive probe, which is placed under the test film. The permeability (P) of the test layer is calculated from the slope of extinction with time in the sensor layer. The lag time (t1) gives the diffusion coefficient (D). The suitability of this method is confirmed by comparison with literature values. Diffusion coefficients obtained from t1 correspond well to those obtained by the sorption method.The temperature dependence of P and D in more than five different polymers (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC and different polyvinyl alcohols) demonstrates that peculiarities in the temperature dependence of the permeability result from the behaviour of the NH3-solubility (P/D) which is strongly dependent on the polymer structure.
    Notes: Es wird eine neuartige spektroskopische Methode zur Messung der Ammoniak-Permeabilität in transparenten Polymerfilmen vorgestellt. Sie beruht auf dem quantitativen Nachweis des den Testfilm durchdringenden Ammoniaks in einer darunter befindlichen Sensorschicht mit Hilfe der NH3-empfindlichen Sonde 4-Nitrophenol. Aus dem Anstieg der Extinktion mit der Zeit (ΔE/Δt) in der Sensorschicht wird die Permeabilität (P) und aus der Verzögerungszeit (lag time (t1)) der Diffusionskoeffizient (D) berechnet. Die Eignung der Methode wird durch Vergleich mit Literaturwerten belegt. Die aus t1 zugänglichen Diffusionskoeffizienten stimmen sehr gut mit denen überein, die mit der Sorptionsmethode gefunden werden.Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten von P und D in mehr als fünf verschiedenen Polymeren (CDA, PVB, PVAc, PVC und in verschiedenen Polyvinylalkoholen) zeigen, daß Besonderheiten im Temperaturgang der Permeabilität aus dem vom Aufbau des Polymeren stark abhängigen Verhalten der NH3-Löslichkeit (P/D) resultieren.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 204 (1993), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Water-borne paints have received greater attention. Existing concepts related to suitable binders are polymethacrylate dispersions crosslinkable by autoxidation. Essential synthesis steps of such dispersions and characteristic properties also of adequate coatings are described.Oil fatty acid structure units are enriched in the shell-region of the dispersed particles and the rest of nearly 30% is localized in the water phase as substituent of a water-soluble copolymer.
    Notes: Wäßrige Anstrichsysteme setzen sich in zunehmendem Maße durch. Als eine Entwicklungsvariante für diesbezüglich geeignete Bindemittel kommen autoxidativ vernet zende Polymethacfrylatdispersionen in Betracht. Es werden wesentliche Schritte der Synthese derartiger Dispersionen un dcharakteristische Eigenschaften auchvon Beschichtungen vorgestellt.Die Ölfettsäurestruktureinheiten sind im Schalenbereich der disperigierten Teilchen angereichert, und sie befinden sich außerden zu etwa 30% in der wäßrigen Phase als Substituenten eines löslichen Copolymeren.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 211 (1993), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 4-Phenyl-4-(2,3-expoxypropyl)benzoate (I) can be cured to thermoset networks with a different degree of order by using isomeric aminophenyl aminobenzoates II to V as curing agents. The formation of intermediates during the curing reaction was studied by means of model compounds. From the reaction of the monoamino-substituted phenylbenzoates VI to IX the reactivities for the primary and the secondary aminoprotons towards epoxide was determined. The kinetic data were used for a stepwise simulation of the curing reaction. Arguments were found that in case of diamines with 4-aminobenzoate structure well ordered intermediates are formed, which crosslink in an early stage of the reaction.
    Notes: Die Härtung von 4-Phenyl-4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzoat (I) mit den isomeren Aminophenylaminobenzoaten II bis V führt zu unterschiedlich geordneten Epoxidnetzwerken. Die Bildung verschiedener Intemediate während der Härtungsreaktion wurde anhand von Modellverbindungen studiert. Aus der Reaktion der monoamino-substituierten Phenylbenzoate VI bis IX mit Epoxid wurden die Reaktionskostanten für die Addition an das primäre und das sekundäre Wasserstoffatom der Aminogruppen bestimmt. Die kinetischen Daten lassen sich für eine schrittweise Simulation des Härtungsverlaufs verwenden. Es wurden Argumente dafür gefunden, daß sich bei Verwendung der Amine mit 4-Aminobenzoat-Strukturen gut geordnete, schnell vernetzende Intermediate bilden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 206 (1993), S. 171-191 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The photo-induced, free-radical network formation of silicone acrylates has been investigated in the presence of several photoinitiators containing benzoyl groups. The crosslinking process can be described by means of a free-radical chain process. From calorimetrical measurements it is inferred that oxygen inhibits and terminates the chain propagation process. Both the reaction rate and the inhibition time of the crosslinking are proportional to the air pressure, to the intensity of the incident light, and to the quantum yield of the initiator photolysis.The reaction starts when all oxygen is consumed in the silicone layer. Using Fick's 1st diffusion law it can be show that only oxygen, which diffused into the system, determines the final conversion.Contrary, O2 influences the reaction rate, the inhibition time, and the final conversion. The network density does not depend on the oxygen concentration.The negative influence of oxygen on the reaction rate, on the inhibition time, and on the final conversion can be reduced by means of a high rate of the start reaction which depends on the incident light intensity, light absorption, and the quantum yield of the initiator photolysis.By means of two kinetical methods it is possible to show that any initiator used exhibits a different initiating efficienty; their relative order has been estimated.
    Notes: Die photoinduzierte radikalische Vernetzung von Siliconacrylaten wurde mit verschiedenen Photoinitiatoren vom Benzoyltyp untersucht. Die Photovernetzung derartiger Produkte kann mit Hilfe eines radikalischen Kettenprozesses beschrieben werden. Aus kalorimetrischen Messungen folgt, daß Sauerstoff den Kettenprozeß inhibiert und terminiert, wobei dei Vernetzungsgeschwindigkeit und die Inhibierungszeit Funktionen des Luftdrucks, der Lichtintensität und der Quantenausbeute der Initiatrophotolyse sind.Der Vernetzungsprozeß kann nur beginnen, wenn der Sauerstoff in der Schicht verbraucht ist. Mit Hilfe des 1. Fickschen Diffusionsgesetzes kann gezeigt werden, daß der in das System eindiffundierende Sauerstoff auch den Grenzumsatz bestimmt.Obwohl Sauerstoff in der Schicht die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, die Inhibierungszeit und den Grenzumsatz bestimmt, wurde jedoch überraschenderweise festgestellt, daß Sauerstoff auf die Netzwerkdiche keinen Einfluß besitzt.Der negative Effekt des Sauerstoffs auf den Vernetzungsprozeß kann durch eine hohe Startgeschwindigkeit (Funktion der Lichtintensität, der Absorption und der Quantenausbeute der Initiatorphotolyse) reduziert werden.Mit Hilfe von zwei kinetischen Methoden wurde ermittelt, daß die Initiierungseffizienzen der verwendeten Initiatoren verschieden sind, wobei relative Abstufungen bestimmt werden konnten.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The anionic polymerization of tert-butyl acylate (tBuA) initiated by tert-butyl α-lithioisobutyrate was investigated in THF at 25°C. The individual oligomers were isolated and characterized by UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy. The distribution of products was determined in the range of reaction times 0,02 s ≤ t ≤ 1800 s. The oligomerization is extremely fast. Even after 0,02 s at -30°C, no residual monomer could be detected. After short reaction times the reaction mixture almost exclusively consists of linear oligomers of tBuA. This indicates that there is no termination reaction by Claisen condensation during polymerization. Nevertheless, the molecular weight distribution is rather broad (M̄w/M̄n = 2,15). The very large amount of dimer observed is an indication of its low reactivity. A two-state mechanism is proposed to account for the high polydispersity. Only after longer reaction times side products are formed by Claisen condensation (“back-bitting”). The termination product of the trimer is an enolized cyclic β-ketoester.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of lithium tert-butoxide (tBuOLi) and of lithium chloride on the oligomerization of tert-butyl acrylate (tBuA) initiated by tert-butyl α-lithioisobutyrate (tBiB-Li) was investigated. These additives affect both the kinetics and the product distribution. Whereas the addition of LiCl leads to a narrower molecular-weight distribution (MWD) the presence of tBuOLi induces broader MWD's, characterized by a very high fraction of the dimer. Both additives decrease the rates of propagation to different degrees. These effects are discussed on the basis of the formation of aggregates and adducts, the lithiated dimer having a higher tendency to form aggregates than the other oligomers. The stability of the growth centres in this oligomerization is increased in the presence of these additives, tBuOLi exhibiting a much stronger effect than LiCl. The interaction of the lithiated dimer with the additives could not be demonstrated in the IR spectra of these mixtures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A previously derived equation for the calculation of the protonation constants of immobilized ligands is used for a description of the protonation equilibria of chelating resins containing iminodiacetic acid groups. The equilibrium protonation constants of technical and of pure ion exchange resins were determined. Data obtained from the pH titration curve, and measurements of counter ion and water uptake were used to calculate the three steps of protonation at 298 K. The obtained values of the equilibrium protonation constants were correlated with properties of the investigated resins like composition and degree of crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Statistical and block copolymers of decyl (DMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized via group transfer polymerization (GTP) and characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and gradient HPLC. For HPLC a normal-phase solvent gradient of isooctane and THF was used; the chromatograms were recorded by evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). The block copolymers were shown to contain substantial amounts of precursor homopolymer by gradient elution, even in those cases where SEC furnished a perfectly monomodal molecular weight distribution (MWD). Comparison of the respective HPLC elution characteristics demonstrated that block copolymers are more strongly retained than statistical copolymers of identical composition. Whereas the latter are eluted according to chemical composition, the elution of the block copolymers seems to be controlled by the length of the poly(MMA) block.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 194 (1993), S. 101-116 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyisocyanates (nylon 1) with azochromophores in the side chains were prepared for the first time. For this purpose we have synthesized two new azo dyes containing isocyanato groups. The monomers were copolymerized with alkyl isocyanates to prepare chiral dye-containing polyisocyanates. Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism measurements support the helical polymer structure with predominantly one twist sense (due to the chiral side chains, P and M helices are diastereomeric). The completely reversible photochemical isomerization (trans to cis) of the azochromophores reaches high conversions (about 80%), but does not change the conformation of the main chain.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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