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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 120 (1989), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 2-Amino-pyrroline-3-carbonitriles ; α-Chloro acetanilides ; 2,3-Dihydropyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines ; Malononitrile ; Thieno[3,2-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reaction of malononitrile with α-chloro acetanilides1 in presence of potassium carbonate yields the 1-aryl-5-oxo-Δ2-pyrrolin-3-carbonitriles2, in presence of triethylamine the 4,6-diamino-1-aryl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-carbonitriles3 are formed. From 2-chloroacetylamino-benzencarbonitrile and malononitrile the 5-amino-1-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]chinazolin-3-carbonitrile (4) arise. Analogously from the 2-chloroacetylamino-thiophen-3-carbonitries5 the 7,8-dihydro-thieno[3,2-e]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives6 are obtainable. Hydrolysis of2 a by treatment with hydroxide or acid, respectively, yields the 1,1,2-ethanetricarboxylic acid and derivatives9 a,b. Phenyldiazonium salt reacts with2 to form the triazene 7 only.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Zeitschrift 201 (1989), S. 429-439 
    ISSN: 1432-1823
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.80 ; 82.50-m
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ozone is generated in pure oxygen (p≦5 kPa), synthetic air (p≦7 kPa) and oxygen-argon mixtures (p≦3 kPa) by irradiation of these gases with the VUV light of a repetitively pulsed (f L≦15 Hz) F2-laser at λ=157.6 nm with maximum about 4 mJ/pulse. An absorption photometer measurement operating at 253.7 nm (Hg line) determines the ozone concentration as a function of oxygen and/or additive gas pressure, the repetition frequency of the laser and the wall temperature of the reaction chamber. The temporal development of the ozone concentration as a function of these parameters is calculated by means of rate equations for the species O(3 P), O2(X 3∑ g − ), O3(1 A 1), O(1 D), O2(a 1Δg), O2(b 1∑ g + ) and vibrationally excited O 3 * (1 A 1) and the photon distribution. The maximum concentration of O3 in the sealed-off chamber reaches 1.6% in pure O2, 4.1% in air and 1.2% in a 1:5 O2-Ar mixture at 3 kPa. The annihilation of O3 by the wall and temperature dependent volume processes (300 K≦T≦395 K) is studied and the experimental and theoretical results are compared.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 49 (1989), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55M
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A high-power KrF laser system is presented providing 45 mJ, 150 fs pulses at the position of a target. Pulse front distortion is avoided by specially designed refractive optics. Pulse compression is done after final amplification using a simplified compressor.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55G ; 42.60B ; 52.80H
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An X-ray preionized, discharge-pumped XeCl laser with a variable beam cross-section of up to 6×6 cm2 is described. It uses flat electrodes and the beam width is determined by X-ray collimation. Its operation characteristics concerning reduced electric field strength (E/p) and X-ray dose are discussed in detail. The inductance of the discharge loop is minimized using a water capacitor arrangement. A very high specific optical power (90 MW/l) is achieved in an active volume of 1.2 l. The pulse energy exceeds 5 J in a 45 ns pulse (FWHM).
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 78 (1989), S. 499-524 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Saar-Nahe Basin is a Permocarboniferous molasse basin within the Variscan orogenic chains. Surface access is possible in an area of 100×40 km just south of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge. Below a thick Mesozoic cover the basin has a total extension of about 300×100 km. 4.1 km Upper Carboniferous and 1.6 km Lower Rotliegend grey fluviolacustrine deposits and additional 1.8 km Upper Rotliegend red alluvial deposits were accumulated. The depositional environments of the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Rotliegend beds, known from surface outcrops and 20 wells, are alluvial only along the northwestern margin of the basin, but braided and meandering fluvial, deltaic and lacustrine within the basin. Coal to a considerable amount only developed in the Westfalian. Paleocurrent data indicate a sediment transport from the northern Rhenohercynicum (Hunsrück) during the Westfalian. They delivered lithic arenites, which found a depocenter S of the Saar-Nahe Basin as it is exposed today. In the Stefanian a sediment transport from the southern Moldanubicum (Schwarzwald, Vosges and Massif Central) became active. The depocenter of the basin shifted to the NE and gradually approached the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, disconnected from it by the South-Hunsrück Fault. During the late Lower Rotliegend the intense subsidence of the basin ceased. Simultaneously, arcosic arenites with an increasing total and K-feldspar content were provided (a tendency which even enhanced with the beginning of the Upper Rotliegend). A tectonic deformation at the end of the Westfalian induced uplift and gentle folding. After a peneplenization of its beds and a loss of strata of up to 1500 m in places, Stefanian and Lower Rotliegend were deposited discordantly above. At the beginning of the Upper Rotliegend, tectonic activities formed a central anticline together with magmatism (rhyolitic intrusives and explosives as well as melaphyr lavas) and a short-distanced style of alluvial sedimentation. In the post-Rotliegend further narrowing of the basin initiated a southward thrusting of the Saarbrücken Anticline on to the Buntsandstein; together with this the South-Hunsrück Fault became steeper and partly overturned. The stratigraphic section from Namurian to Lower Rotliegend was studied in detail; Upper Rotliegend may stand as an overview.
    Abstract: Résumé Le bassin de Sarre-Nahe est un bassin molassique permocarbonifère inclus dans la chaîne orogénique varisque. Il affleure dans une aire de 100×40 Km située immédiatement au sud du Massif Schisteux Rhénan, et son extension totale sous la couverture mésozoïque est de 300×100 Km. L'accumulation comprend: 4,1 Km de Carbonifère supérieur, 1,6 Km de Rotliegende inférieur fluvio-lacustre, et 1,8 Km de Rotliegende supérieur alluvial rouge. Les couches d'âge carbonifère supérieur à Rotliegende inférieur, connues par les affleurements et par 20 sondages, ne montrent un caractère alluvial que dans un domaine restreint à la bordure nord-ouest du bassin, le long du Hunsrück. Dans le reste du bassin, le milieu de dépôt était fluviatile anastomosé, deltaïque et lacuste. Le charbon est présent en grande quantité, dans le Westphalien uniquement. L'examen des paléocourants indique un transport à partir de la zone rhéno-hercynienne (Hunsrück) pendant le Westphalien. Cet apport a fourni des arénites lithiques qui se sont accumulées dans une aire de sédimentation située au sud de la zone d'affleurement actuel du bassin de Sarre-Nahe. Au Stéphanien, l'apport significatif s'est effectué à partir de la zone moldanubienne, située au sud (Forêt Noire, Vosges et Massif Central). L'aire de dépôt s'est déplacée vers le nord-est en direction du Massif schisteux Rhénan, dont elle est séparée par la faille du Sud-Hunsrück. Vers la fin du Rotliegende inférieur, la forte subsidence du bassin a pris fin. Cet épisode est marqué par l'arrivée d'arénites comportant une teneur croissante en feldspath (tendance qui s'est renforcée au début du Rotliegende supérieur). A la fin du Westphalien, le bassin a été soulevé et légèrement plissé. Cette déformation a été suivie d'une pénéplanation, impliquant une érosion qui a pu enlever localement 1500 m de couches; le Stéphanien et le Rotliegende inférieur se sont ensuite déposés en dicordance. Au début du Rotliegende supérieur, de nouveaux mouvements tectoniques ont engendré un dôme central; ces mouvements se sont acompagnés de manifestations magmatiques (rhyolites intrusives et explosives, laves mélaphyriques) et d'une sédimentation de type alluvial proximal. Postérieurement au Rotliegende, un nouveau rétrécissement du bassin a provoqué le chevauchement vers le sud de l'anticlinal de Saarbrücken sur le grès bigarré; simultanément, la faille du Sud-Hunsrück s'est redressée et partiellement renversée. La série stratigraphique Namurien-Rotliegende inférieur a fait l'objet d'une étude détaillée et le Rotliegende supérieur d'un aperçu d'ensemble.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Saar-Nahe-Becken ist ein permokarbones Molasse-Becken innerhalb der variskischen Gebirgszüge. Von übertage her ist es auf einer Fläche von 100×40 km unmittelbar südlich des Rheinischen Schiefergebirges zugänglich. Unter einer bedeutenden mesozoischen Überdeckung aber hat das Becken eine Ausdehnung von insgesamt 300×100 km. In diesem wurden 4,1 km mächtiges Oberkarbon und 1,6 km mächtiges Unterrotliegend in grauer fluviolakustriner Fazies und schließlich 1,8 km rotes alluviales Oberrotliegend abgesetzt. Die oberkarbonen bis unterrotliegenden Schichten zeigen nach Oberflächenaufschlüssen und 20 Bohrungen nur entlang des Hunsrücks in geringem Umfang alluvialen Sedimenteintrag. Im Becken dagegen ist das Sedimentationsmilieu verzweigt und mäandrierend fluviatil, deltaisch und lakustrin. Kohle wurde nur im Westfal in größerem Umfang gebildet. Messungen zur Paläoströmung weisen im Westfal einen Sedimenttransport aus dem nördlich gelegenen Rhenohercynicum (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) nach. Dieses lieferte gesteinsbruchstückreiche Sande, die in einem Depozentrum südlich des heute übertage aufgeschlossenen Saar-Nahe-Beckens abgelagert wurden. Im Stefan erlangte ein Sedimenttransport aus dem Moldanubicum (Schwarzwald, Vogesen und Zentralmassiv) an Bedeutung. Das Depozentrum des Beckens wanderte nach NE und näherte sich allmählich dem Rheinischen Schiefergebirge, das seit jener Zeit von diesem durch die Hunsrück-Südrandstörung getrennt ist. Während des späten Unterrotliegend nahm die intensive Absenkung des Beckens allmählich ab. Gleichzeitig wurden feldspatreiche Sande mit zunehmendem Gesamt-und K-Feldspat-Gehalt geliefert (diese Tendenz wurde zu Beginn des Oberrotliegend eher noch verstärkt). Ende Westfal wurde das Becken nachweislich herausgehoben und sanft gefaltet. Nach einer Einebnung der Schichten, was stellenweise zu einem Schichtverlust von bis zu 1500 m führte, folgten diskordant darüber Stefan und Unterrotliegend. Mit Beginn des Oberrotliegend schufen erneute tektonische Bewegungen eine zentrale Aufwölbung. Dies war mit vulkanischer Aktivität (rhyolitische Intrusiva und Explosiva sowie Melaphyr-Laven) verbunden und hatte nun kleinräumigen alluvialen Sedimentationsstil in jetzt kleineren Teilbecken zur Folge. Später, nach dem Rotliegend, schuf die weitere Einengung des Saar-Nahe-Beckens eine südwärts gerichtete Aufschiebung des Saarbrücker Hauptsattels auf den Buntsandstein; hierbei wurde auch das Einfallen der Hunsrück-Südrandstörung steiler, teilweise sogar überkippt. Der stratigraphische Abschnitt vom Beginn des Namur bis Ende Unterrotliegend wurde im Detail untersucht; das Oberrotliegend ist als Übersicht dargestellt.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Starting from a model of a g.o. silicon-iron sheet with ideal goss-texture and an in-plane misoriented grain in the center the magnetization, the structure of the inner field and of the flux density in dependence on the external applied field are shown so that the deterioration of the flux guidance caused by such misoriented grains becomes visible.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von einem Modell eines kornorientierten Silizium-Eisenbleches mit idealer Goss-Textur und einem in der Blechebene fehlorientierten Korn im Zentrum werden die Magnetisierung, die Struktur des inneren Feldes und die Flußdichte berechnet. Die Struktur des inneren Feldes und der Flußdichte wird in Abhängigkeit vom aussteuernden Feld dargestellt, so daß die Verschlechterung der Flußführung durch derartig fehlorientierte Körner sichtbar wird.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents From a survey of the important stray-field sources of a grain oriented M-shaped silicon-iron sheet follows that only the stray field at the air gap can give a remarkable contribution to the stray-field coupling. The influence of this air-gap stray fields on the magnetization structure and the magnetization reversal of a neighbouring sheet is investigated. From the shielding effect of the neighbouring sheet in dependence on the excitation in an applied field some statements concerning the influence of the stray-field coupling on the energy loss and the efficiency of the complete transformer core consisting of several sheets are derived and some proposals for the improvement of the efficiency during voltage transformation are given.
    Notes: Übersicht Aus einem vergleichenden Überblick über die wesentlichen Streufeldquellen eines M-Schnitt-Bleches aus kornorientiertem Silizium-Eisen folgt, daß nur das Luftspaltfeld einen merklichen Anteil zur Streufeldkopplung liefern kann. Der Einfluß dieses Luftspalt-Streufeldes auf die Magnetisierungsstruktur und den Ummagnetisierungsvorgang in einer benachbarten Blechlage wird untersucht. Aus einer Diskussion der abschirmenden Wirkung des benachbarten Bleches in Abhängigkeit von der Aussteuerung folgen Aussagen über den Einfluß der Streufeldkopplung auf die Energieverluste und den Wirkungsgrad des kompletten Transformatorkernes aus mehreren Blechlagen und Vorschläge zur Verbesserung des Wirkungsgrades bei der Spannungswandlung.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fast, reproducible and non-hazardous technique for non-isotopic DNA fingerprinting is presented. The method is based on digoxigenated oligonucleotides, which are specific for simple repetitive DNA sequences. The use of digoxigenin/ anti-digoxigenin detection avoids many drawbacks inherent in e.g. the biotin/streptavidin system which often causes a poor signal-to-background ratio. Synthesis and purification of digoxigenated oligonucleotides and their use in filter hybridization are described in detail. Hybridization patterns obtained with four different radioactively labeled oligonucleotides have been compared with those of the respective digoxigenated probes. When slightly less stringent hybridization conditions are applied for digoxigenated oligonucleotides than for those labeled with 32P, the signal intensities are satisfying but additional minor bands occur as a result of the reduced strigency. With one explainable exception, these bands increase the information content of the fingerprint. In addition, hybridization of the digoxigenated (CAC)5 probe has been performed in situ with human metaphase chromosomes. The hybridization patterns in many mitoses resemble R-bands.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Energy dissipation (light) ; Fluorescence quenching ; Gossypium ; Light (excessive) ; Photosynthesis (photon yield) ; Quantum yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between components of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (qNP) and dissipation of excessive excitation energy was determined in cotton leaves using concurrent measurements of fluorescence and gas-exchange at 2% and 20% O2 under a range of photon flux densities and CO2 pressures. A nearly stoichiometric relationship was obtained between dissipation of energy not used in photosynthetic CO2 fixation or photorespiration and qNP provided that a component, probably associated with state transitions, was not included in qNP. Although two distinct components of qNP were resolved on the basis of their relaxation kinetics, both components appear effective in energy dissipation. The photon yield of “open” photosystem-II reaction centers decreased linearly with increases in qNP, indicating that much of the energy dissipation occurs in the pigment bed. However, increases in qNP appear dependent on the redox state of these centers. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of the molecular basis of non-radiative energy dissipation. It is concluded that determinations of qNP can provide a quantitative measure of the dissipation of excessive excitation energy if precautions are taken to ensure that the maximum fluorescence yield is measured under conditions that provide complete closure of the photosystem-II reaction centers. It is also concluded that such dissipation can prevent photoinhibitory damage in cotton leaves even under extreme conditions where as much as 80% of the excitation energy is excessive.
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