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  • Hymenoptera  (13)
  • Springer  (13)
  • 1985-1989  (13)
  • 1988  (13)
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Publisher
  • Springer  (13)
Years
  • 1985-1989  (13)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis zea ; parasitoid ; host selection ; volatile attractant ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) to odors from a plant-host complex was investigated using a four-choice olfactometer. Female, but not male, parasitoids responded in a dose-dependent fashion to volatiles from the plant-host complex and oviposition experience enhanced this response. Female age had no apparent effect on the response. Both artificially damaged leaves and frass elicited positive responses but of lower magnitude than those elicited by the plant-host complex. Volatiles collected from the plant-host complex placed on filter paper also elicited positive responses by female parasitoids.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 293-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; egg parasitoid ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; host-community location ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en olfactométrie avec le parasite oophage Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) et son hôte, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) donnent les résultats suivants. La présence de la phéromone sexuelle de l'hôte réduit de façon significative le nombre de passages entre les champs odorisés. De mème, les parasites visitent plus fréquemment le champ qui dispense l'odeur de la femelle en appel que le champ témoin placé à l'opposé. Par ailleurs, le temps passé dans le champ qui contient la phéromone sexuelle émise par les femelles vierges en appel est significativement supérieur à la durée de visite des champs témoins. Si l'on utilise comme source d'odeur des femelles vierges qui ne sont pas en appel, la réponse est inversée, les parasites sont alors repoussés par l'odeur de ces papillons et le nombre de visites est distribué de façon aléatoire entre les quatre champs. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le contexte de l'écologie du comportement de recherche chez les parasites oophages.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents results of olfactometer experiments with the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its host the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The sex pheromone of the host significantly reduced the total number of border crossings between odour fields in the olfactometer. Also, female parasitoids made significantly more visits to the calling moth odour field than to the opposite control field in the olfactometer. Further, the wasps spent significantly more time in the olfactometer field containing the sex pheromone released by calling virgin moths, than in control fields. If non-calling virgin moths were used as odour source, the response was reversed and wasps were repelled by the odour of the moths, and the numbers of visits were evenly distributed over the four flow fields. These results are discussed in the context of foraging ecology of egg parasitoids.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 289-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: competition ; multiparasitization ; parasitoid ; physical attack ; Trieces tricarinatus ; Triclistus yponomeutae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La compétition entre les deux ichneumonides endoparasitoïdes solitaires Trieces tricarinatus Grav. et Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschl. a été examinée en élevant et disséquant des Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus Retz. attaqués le même jour par les deux parasitoïdes. Les résultats des dissections des hôtes multiattaqués ont été comparés à ceux des hôtes attaqués par un seul parasite, pour séparer la mortalité ou l'absence de parasitoïde provoquées par la compétition à celles dues à d'autres facteurs. On a constaté qu'un seul parasite était capable d'achever son développement. Dès que l'hôte était nymphosé et que les deux parasitoïdes étaient au premier stade larvaire, une des larves tuait sa compétitrice. Pour une fraction importante des larves éliminées, il a été possible de montrer qu'elles avaient été tuées par une aggression physique, pour les autres ce mode d'élimination était vraisemblable. L'espèce de parasitoïde qui survit dépend du nombre de jours entre la ponte des ichneumonides et la nymphose de l'hôte. Ce délai détermine le degré de développment des parasitoïdes et le moment réel de la compétition. Probablement, T. tricarinatus est le seul à survivre lorsque la nymphose de l'hôte a lieu avant l'éclosion des oeufs de T. yponomeutae.
    Notes: Abstract Competition between the solitary endoparasitoids Trieces tricarinatus (Gravenhorst) and Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschlimann (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) results in the survival of one or the other of them. Once the host, Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus (Retzius) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) has pupated and both parasitoids have completed their development to first instar larvae, one of the parasitoid larvae kills the other. Which of the parasitoids survives depends on the number of days between parasitization and pupation. As a result of their type of development, this period determines the extent of development of the parasitoids at the moment of actual competition. Apparently, T. tricarinatus survives only if pupation of the host occurs before egg hatching of T. yponomeutae.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1583-1596 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Biological control ; artificial diet ; preflight behavior ; wind tunnels ; oviposition ; age ; chemosensory receptors ; chilling pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed cowpea seedlings produced volatile semiochemicals to whichMicroplitis demolitor Wilkinson responded in a wind tunnel. However, mostM. demolitor females reared fromH. zea larvae fed an artificial diet were not responsive at emergence to the same volatile semiochemicals. A preflight contact with frass fromH. zea fed cowpea was needed to stimulate a response of sustained flight in a wind tunnel. The most consistent flight response was 7–10 days postemergence. Response resulting from both antennal and ovipositor contact with host frass during preflight stimulation was no better than from antennal contact alone. Chilling the parasitoid pupae rendered most of the emerging females unresponsive to volatile semiochemicals.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1239-1252 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Third trophic level interaction ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidop-tera ; Pyralidae ; Diadegma terebrans ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; α-terthienyl ; berberine ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two plant-derived allelochemicals, berberine and α-terthienyl (α- T), were tested for their effects on the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, and its endoparasitoidDiadegma terebrans. The compounds were administered to the host insect in meridic diets, and the responses of the host larvae and parasitoids reared from treated hosts were measured in terms of growth parameters and survival. InO. nubilalis, survival to pupation and adult emergence were reduced significantly by the inclusion of berberine and α-T in larval diets at a concentration of 100 μg/g. However, in the parasitoid, adverse effects were much more apparent with the α-T treatment than with the berberine treatment. α-T and one of its metabolites were found in host larvae and in emerged adult parasitoids and their cocoons. Berberine residues were not detected. The implications of these responses to compounds of widely differing physiological properties are discussed with reference to host-plant resistance and biological control.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tetraponera ; ant ; alkaloids ; poison gland ; contact poison ; tetraponerine ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Pseudomyrmecinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Neo-Guinean pseudomyrmecine ant,Tetraponera sp. utilizes its modified sting to smear upon enemies a contact poison with strong deterring and toxic properties. The venom, which originates from the poison gland, contains a mixture of eight closely related, alkaloids (tetraponerine-1 to -8). The structure of tetraponerine-8 was established by an X-ray diffraction analysis and was reported previously. The structure of five other members of the series has now been determined by comparison of their spectral properties with those of tetraponerine-8 and of model compounds.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1597-1606 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; biological control ; rearing on plant ; wind tunnels ; flight response ; preflight behavior ; imprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson were reared fromHeliothis zea larvae fed either an artificial diet or a diet of cowpea seedlings. Responses of females from these two sources to semiochemicals from the insect hostcowpea complex were compared in a flight tunnel. Very limited responses were obtained from females reared from hosts fed artificial diet unless they first had preflight contact with frass from plant-fed hosts. Female parasite is reared from plant-fed hosts were generally responsive without preflight contact. Contact with cocoons containing frass of the plant fed host at the time of emergence was an important source of stimulation. It increased their subsequent responsiveness to the volatile semiochemicals of the insect host-plant complex. The cocoons of females reared from artificial diet-fed hosts were apparently lacking plant chemicals that are vital to their subsequent responsiveness. Imprinting of the adults at time of emergence from the cocoon is strongly indicated.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1607-1616 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; olfaction ; flight ; olfactory experience ; rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rearing the parasitoidM. croceipes on hosts fed cowpea-seedling leaves instead of artificial diet increased the percentage of oriented flights to odors of a cowpea seedling-H. zea complex in a flight tunnel. However, the increase in response was much stronger after adult females had searched a fresh plant-host complex just prior to a test. The host plant appears to be of major importance in the parasitoid-host relationship: host-plant species, growth phase, and part of the host plant influence the parasitoid's response in the flight tunnel. The percentage of inexperienced females responding to infested leaves was higher for 4- to 5-day-old females than for 0- to 1-day-old females, while the response to uninfested flowers was equally high for both age groups. Olfactory experience with odors of an attractive plant-host complex increased the response to an unattractive plant-host complex. Possible implications of the results are discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoids ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybugs ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; predicting development ; thresholds ; temperate glasshouses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement de 3 parasitoïdes de cochenilles ont été étudiées dans les conditions de température de serre, avec thermopériode ou en température constante. En conditions constantes, la vitesse augmente jusqu'à 35°C, mais est létale à 40°C. Avec thermopériode, une thermophase de 40°C peut être tolérée pendant 12 heures. Les vitesses de développement sous thermopériodes pourraient être calculées à partir des données obtenues en conditions constantes, modifiées en fonction des durées respectives des cryophases et thermophases. Une méthode originale est présentée pour obtenir les seuils inférieurs de développement, en utilisant des thermopériodes, et pour calculer les vitesses de développement à températures élevées. Une méthode de régression polynomiale, non vérifiée préalablement, a été utilisée pour prévoir les durées moyennes des développements sous serre. Ces estimations sont beaucoup plus sûres que les prédictions basées sur le concept de degré-jour (Do), lorsque les températures extrêmes durent longtemps, mais en serre chaude elles ne présentent aucune différence significative. De plus, une méthode d'évaluation des 95% d'émergences, a donné de bonnes estimations des premières et dermières émergences en conditions périodiques.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates of three encyrtid mealybug parasitoids were examined under constant, cycling and glasshouse temperatures. Under constant conditions the rate of development increased with rising temperature up to 35°C, but a constant 40°C was lethal. Under cycling conditions, 12 h periods at 40°C could be tolerated. Developmental rates under cycling conditions could be calculated from constant temperature data, by incrementing development on an h/h basis. A new technique was developed to determine the lower thresholds for development, using cycling regimes and to calculate the rates of development over short periods at high temperature. A previously untested polynomial regression technique was used to predict mean developmental periods under glasshouse conditions. These predictions were considerably more accurate than day-degree (Do) predictions when substantial periods at extreme temperatures were involved, but not significantly different from day-degree predictions under ‘hot-house’ conditions. In addition a method was developed to calculate a 95% range for emergence, which gave consistently good estimates of first and last eclosion observed under fluctuating conditions.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: trap hosts ; parasitoid ; parasitism ; attack rates ; mealybug ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Epidinocarsis diversicornis ; Acerophagus coccois ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; Phenacoccus herreni ; cassava ; yuca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pendant des expositions de 4 jours dans la nature de plants en pots de M. esculenta contaminés artificiellement par des P. herreni du troisième stade, les densités de cochenilles ont été réduites de 73%: de 235.7–1100.2/par plant contaminé à 63.7–314.2/par plant, par suite des évasions, de la pluie et de la prédation. Les attaques de parasitoïdes ne changent pas suivant les densités de cochenilles. Les mêmes espèces de parasitoïdes, ont été élevées dans à peu près les mêmes proportions (Acerophagus coccois, 88.1%, et Epidinocaris diversicornis, 11.3%) à partir de cochenilles sur pots artificiellement contaminés ou de manioc de la nature. Les taux d'attaques par les parasitoïdes sur les cochenilles artificiellement exposées, associés à un modèle de simulation du parasitisme, ont permis de prévoir avec précision les niveaux de parasitisme observés pour chaque stade dans la population de la nature.
    Notes: Abstract During 4-day field exposure intervals, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, third-instar mealybugs on artificially infested potted cassava plants were reduced 73% from initial densities of 235.7–1100.2/infested plant to 63.7–314.2/plant due to dispersal, rain, and predation. Frequency of parasitoid attack did not differ between high and low mealybug densities. The same species of parasitoids, in approximately the same proportions, were reared from mealybugs on artificially infested potted plants as from field mealybugs (Acerophagus coccois) Smith, 88.1% and Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard), 11.3%. Parasitoid attack rates on artificially exposed mealybugs, when combined with a simulation model of parasitism, accurately predicted observed levels of stage-specific parasitism in the field population.
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