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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,018)
  • 1985-1989  (1,018)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1988  (1,018)
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Keywords
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  • 1985-1989  (1,018)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS studies of the thermal behaviour of passivated Zircaloy-4 surfacesPaper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Quantitative Surface Analysis held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK, 18-20 November 1986. (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 11 (1988), S. 502-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The composition and the chemical states of components of Zircaloy-4 (zirconium alloy) surfaces were studied in the temperature range between room temperature and 500°C. Each sample was kept at constant temperature (25, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500°C) for up to 16 hours. The changes of composition and chemical states of the Zircaloy-4 surface during heating were monitored by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Originally, the components form well-defined layers elucidated by angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). In contrast to depth profiling using ion sputtering, ARXPS is non-destrutive. However, it is applicable for layers of up to a few nanometres thickness only.The experiments showed a decomposition of the ZrO2 coverage above 200°C accompanied by oxygen diffusion into the bulk. These processes lead to the reduction of ZrO2 to metallic zirconium on the surface at 300°C and higher temperatures. The oxygen diffusion into the bulk was indicated by AES depth profiles. The layered structure observed up to a heating temperature of 200°C could not be seen at higher temperatures. After Zr metal appears at the surface during the heating process, a reaction with the adsorbed hydrocarbons takes place, leading to the formation of zirconium carbide.Though the depth resolution of an AES depth profile does not permit identification of layers with thicknesses in the nanometre region, the temperature-dependent behaviour of oxyen is reflected by its AES profiles, showing features in accordance with the results from ARXPS, especially with respect to the fact that well-defined layers vanish above 200°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740111003
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CERT-Untersuchungen an Leitungsrohrstählen über eine Korrosionsgefährdung durch wasserstoffhaltige Gase bei hohen DrückenHerrn Professor Dr. Helmut Kaesche zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1988)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 517-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: CERT tests on line pipe steels for corrosion risks by hydrogen containing gases under high pressureNotched and unnotched round tensile specimens of line pipe steels were subjected to constant extension rate testing in autoclaves. The testing included pulling the specimens at a slow strain rate to fracture as well as slow strain rate cyclic loading. Besides base material, welded joints with varying hardness values ranging up to 400 HV were tested. Testing environments were inert gases (N2, Ar, air, natural gas), 70 bar H2 and various mixtures of H2 and natural gas. In all gases, fracture occurred in the region of highest plastic deformation. When H2 was present in the environment secondary cracking and fractions of brittle fracture were found on the fracture surface, their extent being reduced by the presence of O2 and CO. No crack growth occurs in H2 environment under cyclic loading when there is no plastic deformation. For the range investigated, there is no influence of hardness on the resistance of the materials to cracking, but surface finish and notch acuity exercise a strong influence.
    Notes: Gekerbte und ungekerbte Rundzugproben aus Leitungsrohr-Stählen wurden in Autoklaven CERT-Belastungen ausgesetzt. Die Versuche wurden mit langsamen Dehnraten bis zum Bruch und mit zyklischer Belastung durchgeführt. Die Werkstoffe waren z.T. geschweißt und hatten unterschiedlich harte Bereiche bis zu 400 HV. Als Prüfgase dienten inerte Gase (N2, Ar, Luft, Erdgas), 70 bar H2 und Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische. In allen Gasen traten Brüche in Bereichen mit größter plastischer Verformung auf. In Gegenwart von H2 werden Nebenrisse und Sprödbruchanteile an den Bruchflächen beobachtet, deren Ausmaß durch CO und O2 vermindert wird. Bei einer zyklischen Belastung ohne plastische Verformung in der Zugphase wachsen Risse in H2 nicht weiter. Innerhalb des untersuchten Bereiches haben die Werkstoffhärte keine, die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit und Kerbfaktoren aber eine große Bedeutung für die Rißbeständigkeit.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19880391107
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The modeling of continuous mixers. Part I: The corotating twin-screw extruderPresented at the Third Annual Meeting of the PPS, April 1987, Stuttgart, West Germany. (1988)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 28 (1988), S. 275-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In many operations in polymer processing, such as polymer blending, devolatilization, or incorporation of fillers in a polymeric matrix, continuous mixers are used; e.g., corotating twin-screw extruders (ZSK), Buss Cokneaders and Farrel Continuous Mixers. Theoretical analysis of these machines tends to emphasize the flow in complex geometries rather than generate results that can be directly used (1-5). In this paper, a simple model is developed for the hot melt closely intermeshing corotating twin-screw extruder, analogous to the analysis of the single-screw extruder carried out in 1922 and 1928 (6, 7). With this model, and more specifically with its extension to the complete nonisothermal, non-Newtonian situation, it is possible to understand the extrusion process and to calculate the energy, specific energy, and temperature rise during the process with respect not only to the viscosity of the melt, but also to the screw geometry (location and number of transport elements, kneading sections and blisters, pitch, positive or negative, screw clearance, and flight width) and screw speed. To support the theoretical analysis, model experiments with a Plexiglas-walled twin-screw extruder were performed, in addition to practical experiments with melts on small- and large-scale extruders, with very reasonable results, In Part 2, the Buss Cokneader will be analyzed analogously.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280504
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektrochemische Carboxylierung von cyclischen Keten-S,S-acetalen (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 330 (1988), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrochemical Carboxylation of Cyclic Ketene-S,S-acetales
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19883300127
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogels for buccal drug delivery: Properties relevant for muco-adhesion (1988)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 22 (1988), S. 1023-1032 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to develop a muco-adhesive hydrogel for buccal drug delivery it is necessary to understand fully the properties determining adhesiveness as well as mechanisms involved. In this study we measured glass transition temperatures, water contact angles and the peel- and shear detachment forces from porcine oral mucosa, of acrylic acid and butyl acrylate copolymers. The contact angle maximizes at 50% butyl acrylate content. The glass transition temperature decreases from 0% to 100% butyl acrylate. There seems to exist a certain combination of contact angle and glass transition temperature which is related to adhesiveness. This strongly suggests that, in order to obtain a muco-adhesive hydrogel, at least two properties have to be optimized: (1) the polarity of the polymer surface and (2) the molecular mobility of the polymer groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820221106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative surface analytical study of electrochemically-formed copper oxides by XPS and X-ray-induced Auger spectroscopy (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 11 (1988), S. 148-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrochemically partially-oxidized Cu specimens are transferred from the electrolyte (pH 13 and 14) within a closed system without air contact to the UHV and examined with XPS especially by interpreting the x-ray-induced Auger signal L3MM. The signal was fitted with standard spectra of clean Cu and Cu2O using an approximation by the Gauss/Lorentz curves. The oxide thickness calculated from the intensity ratio of the Cu2O and Cu signal with an appropriate value for the escape depth of the electrons agrees well with the evaluation of the electrochemical data. Angular dependent measurements permit a reliable examination of Cu2O of less than 0.5 monolayers. The water content of the oxide layer deduced from a quantitative evaluation of the O 1s XPS signal decreases with increasing thickness of Cu2O approaching less than 10% for ca. 10 monolayers. The small amount of hydroxide is located at the outmost layer. The growth of an outer CuO film leads to an increase of the hydroxide content to ca. 30%. These studies show that the Cu L3MM Auger signal may be used to evaluate quantitatively the amount of Cu2O.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740110305
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2,4,6-Trinitropyridine and Related Compounds, synthesis and characterization (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 13 (1988), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A detailed study of the formation of trinitropyridine-1-oxide from dinitroethanol led to the hitherto unknown 2,4,6-trinitropyridine. Thus, nitropyridines become accessible which cannot be obtained by direct nitration. The novel substances were characterized by analytical methods and their spectral data (UV, IR, NMR). First results from the research of their physical, thermical and explosive properties are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19880130107
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for hormonal control of diuresis after a blood meal in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 7 (1988), S. 75-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: natriuresis ; diuretic hormone ; Malpighian tubules ; diuretic assay ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In previous studies we have presented evidence for the role of peptides, isolated from heads of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, in stimulating fluid secretion by isolated Malpighian tubules. In the present study we conducted experiments to investigate whether these peptides are involved in hormone-mediated diuresis after a blood meal. In vivo experiments showed that the head was required to maintain diuresis after the blood meal. Whereas feeding on blood triggered a prompt diuresis in the intact mosquito, subsequent decapitation caused a gradual, not an abrupt, decline in urine excretion rate. Hemolymph collected from mosquitoes fed blood significantly stimulated fluid secretion in vitro by isolated Malpighian tubules, whereas hemolymph from unfed or blood-fed decapitated mosquitoes did not. These results indicate that a diuretic factor was released into the hemolymph after a blood meal. This factor was not present in the hemolymph of decapitated females. We identified the head as a source of diuretic factors. Peptides isolated from a head extract by high-performance liquid chromatography, when injected into the hemocoel of blood-fed decapitated mosquitoes, triggered diuresis in vivo and also stimulated fluid secretion in isolated Malpighian tubules. These studies support the hypothesis that the head is a storage site for diuretic peptides that may be released after a blood meal to control diuresis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940070202
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and aging in the welded bonds of PP- homopolymer with PP- copolymer (PP-R)Vortrag anläßlich des 18. Donauländergesprächs über “Natürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich) vom 24. bis 26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 363-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit wurden Veränderungen des verschweisßten Rohr- und Fittingmaterials (isotaktisches Polypropylen Homo- bzw. Copolymer PP-R grau pigmentiert) wührend der für die Praxis relevanten Innendruckversuche untersucht.Bei der technischen Verschweißung von Polyolefinen entstehen charakteristische Gefüigezonen im Schweißnahtbereich, welche vom Fßgematerial und den Fngebedingungen beeinflußt werden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden sowohl die Materialcbergange im Fiigebereich (mit den Methoden - schichtenweise Differentialkalorimetrie, Polarisations- bzw. Elektronenmikroskopie sowie Fluoreszenzspektroskopie mit extrem hoher Ortsauflösung) als auch die Eigenspannungen hinsichtlich ihrer Verlnderung bei Langzeitpriifung im Innendruckzeitstandversuch bei 95°C bis zu einer Prüfzeit von 18.100h untersucht.Die Abbauvorgänge der Makromoleküle bei der Langzeitprüfung der 364 untersuchten Schweißmuster werden in einer gesonderten Arbeit behandelt (1).Durch die Innendruckversuche bei 950 C findet eine Nachkristallisation und eine Gefügevergrijberung sowohl in der Schweißnaht als auch im Gefüge der Schweißpartner statt. Dabei werden die beim Schweißvorgang eingebrachten Orientierungen und Eigenspannungen unter dem Einfluß von Wärme beim Innendruckversuch weitgehend abgebaut. Durch die unter Druckeinwirkung einsetzenden Flieävorgange jedoch werden neue Eigenspannungen eingebracht.Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei guter Verschweißung von PP mit PPCO ein kontinuierlicher Übergang (Mischungsbereich) vom Homopolymeren zum Copolymeren auftritt, der auch beim Langzeiteinsatz im Innendruckversuch erhalten bleibt.
    Notes: The present study deals with changes of welded material of pipes and fittings (isotactic polypropylene homo and copolymer PP-R grey pigmented) during the standardized internal pressure tests, which are commonly used for these products.Technical welding of polyolefines causes characteristic structures, which depend on the natural of the welded material and the welding conditions.In this investigation both the transition of material in the welding seam and the changes of internal stresses during internal pressure tests at 95°C until 18.100h test time were examined. The methods we used were Differential calorimetry of think layers, Polarization- and Electron microscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy with extreme high local resolution.The effects of decomposition of the macromolecules in the welded samples during the internal pressure tests will be described in a separate paper (1).The internal pressure tests at 95O C cause a recrystallization and an increase of the particle size in the structure of the welding seam and in the structure of the welded parts themselves. Under the above described testing conditions the orientations and internal stresses initiated by the welding procedure will relaxe influenced by heat. However the creep effects that occur in the material when exposed to pressure introduce new internal stresses. It could be shown that in perfectly welded parts a continuous transition from PP to PPCO occurs, which did not change after long time application of internal pressure tests.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The null space and non-conventional basis functions in the mixed finite element method (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 26 (1988), S. 843-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The two matrix equations obtained from the mixed finite element method are uncoupled through the use of the QR decomposition. The procedure obtains the basis for the null space which is composed of solutions to the homogeneous flux-equilibrium equation. The result is that, even for statically indeterminate problems, stresses can be obtained without solving for the displacement field. Furthermore, the stress field can be decomposed directly into contributions from applied forces and from prescribed displacements. The appearance of kinetic modes can easily be monitored. The possibility of utilizing non-conventional basis functions for use in conjunction with the QR decomposition is explored briefly. Simple examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620260407
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