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  • 1985-1989  (8)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1988  (8)
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  • 1985-1989  (8)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1988), S. 299-315 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Negatively charged lipid molecules were converted into polymerizable lipids by introduction of polymerizable mono- or bifunctional counterions. As an attempt to mimic the cytoskeleton of biomembranes, unsymmetrical polymeric vesicles were prepared, where the polyelectrolyte is attached either only to the inner or to the outer bilayer surfaces. Polymerizable cations were introduced to the outer surface of preformed small unilamellar vesicles via ion-exchange. The outer counterions of vesicles bearing polymerizable counterions at both sides of the membrane were replaced by Na+. Polymerization of these systems leads to unsymmetrical vesicles. The introduction, separation and polymerization of the organic counterions was monitored by UV-spectroscopy. Due to polymerization of the counterions, the phase transition temperature of the membranes is shifted remarkably to higher temperatures. For a comparison of ionically attached and covalently bound polymers, two cationic lipids were synthesized, which have a bifunctional polymerizable headgroup. In contrast to the lipids with “ionic” spacers, the polymerization of the covalently bound methacrylic units resulted in a decrease of the phase transition temperature. Thus, by application of ionically bound polymerizable units, unsymmetrical polymerized vesicle membranes are readily available. These systems may serve as models for mimicking the cytoskeleton of living cells.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Characteristic dynamical properties of the glassy state were studied for side-chain polymers in which either an isotropic glassy state or a nematic glassy state could be induced at will. The dynamical properties of such ordered and disordered glasses were found to be identical. This may indicate that the decrease of the volume taking place at the isotropic-nematic transition leaves the free volume unchanged. It was furthermore observed that the glassy state is able to stabilize a given structure both with respect to a first- and second-order phase transition for kinetic reasons.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26 (1988), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Der Teil und das Ganze. Nicht erst die moderne Naturwissenschaft hat die Selbstorganisation für den Aufbau von Funktionseinheiten entdeckt, schon in den alten Philosophien Asiens und Europas ist sie ein Grundgedanke: Erst die Gemeinsamkeit der Teile schafft das Ganze und seine Funktionsfähigkeit. Übersetzt in die Sprache der Chemie bedeutet dies: Die Selbstorganisation von Molekülen führt zu supramolekularen Systemen. Thermotrope und lyotrope Flüssigkristalle sind solche Funktionseinheiten, die sich durch Selbstorganisation bilden und als hochorientierte Systeme neue Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die Bedeutung lyotroper Flüssigkristalle ist in den Biowissenschaften seit langem bekannt. Sie sind eine Voraussetzung für die Entstehung des Lebens und die Funktionsfähigkeit von Zellen. In den Materialwissenschaften hat das Konzept Funktion durch Organisation in den letzten Jahren bereits zur Entwicklung neuer flüssigkristalliner Materialien geführt. Aus der Sicht der Makromolekularen Chemie soll am Beispiel der molekularen Architektur von Polymersystemen versucht werden, diese beiden Bereiche gemeinsam zu betrachten und besonders zu ihrer gemeinsamen Bearbeitung anzuregen. Polymere Flüssigkristalle vereinigen die Fähigkeit zur spontanen Selbstorganisation, die den flüssigkristallinen Zustand auszeichnet, mit polymerspezifischen Eigenschaften, die eine Stabilisierung von Ordnungszuständen zulassen. Als neue Materialien wurden auch diese bereits intensiv untersucht. Als Modellsysteme für Biomembranen und zur Simulation von Biomembranprozessen hingegen wurden sie bisher nur wenig diskutiert. Intention dieses Beitrags ist es, zu zeigen, daß die Makromolekulare Chemie helfen kann, Zellprozesse wie die Stabilisierung von Biomembranen, die spezifische Oberflächenerkennung oder gar die „Entkorkung“ von Zellen zu simulieren. Von jeher interdisziplinär arbeitend, kann sich die Polymerwissenschaft schon lange nicht mehr an den klassischen Massenkunststoffen festhalten. Der Aufbruch zu neuen Forschungsbereichen hat begonnen. Die Verbindung von Flüssigkristall- und Biomembranforschung scheint uns besonders wichtig. Eine der Grundvoraussetzungen, dieses Grenzgebiet zwischen Organischer Chemie und Membranbiologie oder, allgemeiner, zwischen Biowissenschaften und Materialwissenschaften zu bearbeiten, wird die Bereitschaft zu einer engen Kooperation mit Nachbardisziplinen sein, die sich bisher oft fremd gegenüberstanden. Dieser Beitrag ist weit davon entfernt, definitive Antworten zu geben; er soll aber Mut machen zum wissenschaftlichen Wagnis, denn oft halten wir aus Angst vor dem Abenteuer am mühsam erworbenen Wissen zu fest.
    Additional Material: 78 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Surface recognition ; Molecular recognition ; Self-assembly ; Biological membranes ; Membranes ; Polymers ; Micelles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Part and the Whole. The principle of self-organization for the creation of functional units is not an invention of modern natural sciences. It was already a basic idea of the ancient philosophies in Asia and Europe: only the mutuality of the parts creates the whole and its ability to function. Translated into the language of chemistry this means: the self-organization of molecules leads to supramolecular systems and is responsible for their functions. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals are such functional units, formed by self-organization. As highly oriented systems, they exhibit new properties. The importance of lyotropic liquid crystals for the life sciences has been known for a long time. They are a prerequisite for the development of life and the ability of cells to function. In materials sciences this concept of function through organization led to the development of new liquid-crystalline materials. From the point of view of macromolecular chemistry, this review tries to combine these two different fields and especially hopes to stimulate their interaction and joint treatment. To exemplify this, the molecular architecture of polymeric organized systems will be discussed. Polymeric liquid crystals combine the ability to undergo spontaneous self-organization-typical of liquid-crystalline phases-with the polymer-specific property of stabilizing these ordered states. As new materials, polymeric liquid crystals have already been investigated intensively. As model systems for biomembranes as well as for the simulation of biomembrane processes, they so far have been little discussed. The intention of this review article is to show that polymer science is able to contribute to the simulation of cellular processes such as the stabilization of biomembranes, specific surface recognition, or even the “uncorking” of cells. Polymer science, having an old tradition as an inter-disciplinary field, can no longer restrict itself to common plastics. Attempts to reach new horizons have already begun. The borderland between liquid crystals and cells will certainly play an important role. Basic requirements to work in this frontier area between organic chemistry, membrane biology, life science, and materials science will be the delight in scientific adventures as well as the courage to go ahead. The most important prerequisite will be the willingness to cooperate with disciplines which so far have not really accepted each other. From this point of view, this review does not aim at giving defined answers. It wants instead to encourage the scientific venture: too often we cling to painfully acquired knowledge, fearing adventures.
    Additional Material: 78 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 9 (1988), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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