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  • pharmacokinetics  (58)
  • oviposition  (11)
  • Springer  (69)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Elsevier
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (69)
  • 1987  (69)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (69)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Elsevier
Years
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (69)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; oviposition ; parasitism ; host density ; progeny allocation ; fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der parasitischen Wespe Trichogramma minutum hängt die Menge abgelegter Eier teilweise von der räumlichen Verteilung seines Insektenwirtes ab. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Abständen zwischen den Wirtstieren auf die Anzahl von Nachkommen pro Ei beschrieben und mögliche Mechanismen zur Bestimmung der Wirtsdichte vorgeschlagen. Die Anzahl von Nachkommen pro Wirtsei verringert sich mit kleiner werdendem Abstand zwischen den Wirtseiern. Es wird vermutet dass die Wespen ein Mass für die Häufigkeit von Wirtsbegegnungen, z.B. Zeit oder Abstand zwischen Wirten als Schlüssel für die Bestimmung der Menge von Nachkommen benutzen. Diese Erscheinung kann nicht auf Superparasitismus von weiter entfernten Wirten zurückgeführt werden. Einzelne Wirte, die nur einmal von den Wespen parasitiert werden durften, erhielten die gleiche Anzahl von Eiern, wie die am weitesten verteilten Wirte. Darüber hinaus wurde kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl parasitierter Wirte und der durchschnittlichen Grösse der Nachkommenschaft pro Wespe gefunden. Das weist darauf hin, dass die Wespen nicht einfach mit jeder weiteren Wirtsbegegnung ihre Menge zugewiesener Nachkommen verringern. Schliesslich wird der Einfluss von unterschiedlicher Anzahl von Nachkommen auf die Wirtsmortalität diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The clutch size of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is in part adjusted in response to the spatial distribution of its insect egg hosts. This paper describes the effects on progeny allocation of differences in the distance separating single hosts, and a possible mechanism is proposed. The number of progeny laid into a single host decreases with reduced interhost distance. The effect is not due to superparasitism of more widely spaced hosts, since single hosts which the wasps are allowed to parasitize only once receive only as many eggs as the most widely spaced host. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the number of hosts parasitized and the mean clutch size for each wasp, indicating that the wasps do not simply reduce progeny allocation with successive host encouters. Instead, the wasps may use a measure of the frequency of host encouter, for example the time or distance between hosts, as a cue to set cluch size. Comparisons of clutch size for first and second hosts parasitized showed that there is an initial large reduction in clutch size, after which all subsequent hosts parasitized are allocated a constant, reduced number of progeny. The implications of changes in clutch size for the parasitization rate of the wasps are discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 431-434 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenylethylmalonamide ; pharmacokinetics ; elderly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA) were studied in 6 elderly men after oral administration of a single 400 mg dose. Peak PEMA serum levels were obtained within 4 h of intake, half-life values ranged from 30.7–57.9 h in these elderly men. The elimination half-life was twice as long when compared to a study previously performed in young volunteers.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1987), S. 711-714 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: flecainide ; pharmacokinetics ; moderate renal failure ; variability of elimination half-time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the pharmacokinetics of flecainide after the oral administration of 100 mg to 8 patients without renal impairment and 8 patients with mild to moderate renal failure. Both groups gave comparable results with respect to the peak plasma concentrations and the time to peak. There was a significant correlation between renal flecainide clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance. The elimination half-time in the patients with impaired renal function was significantly longer (19.9, SD 9.9 h) than that in the patients with normal renal function (11.5, SD 4.2 h), but the variability in the elimination half-time in renal failure could not be explained on the basis of the available results.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fenoldopam ; peripheral dopamine agonist ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption ; food effects ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight healthy volunteers participated in an open crossover study to assess the effect of a standardised meal on the systemic availability of a single oral dose of fenoldopam mesylate 100 mg. Subjects were studied on four separate occasions, twice fasting and twice fed in randomised, balanced order. Plasma and urine samples were obtained before and at regular intervals up to 25 h post dose. Measurement of fenoldopam (SK&F 82526) and its 8-sulphate metabolite (SK&F 87782) were by means of HPLC-EC analysis. Area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and maximum detected plasma concentration (Cmax) for fenoldopam and SK&F 87782 were significantly reduced whereas time to maximum concentration was significantly increased with food. Using AUC's for fenoldopam and SK&F 87782, mean relative bioavailabilities were 35% and 81% respectively under fed compared with fasting conditions. Twenty-four hour excretion of fenoldopam was significantly reduced with food, but excretion of SK&F 87782 was apparently unchanged. Mean relative bioavailabilities calculated from these data were 83% and 86% respectively. Relatively large inter-subject variability in AUC and Cmax were seen, but intra-subject variability was not marked. Mild symptoms associated with vasodilation were reported on all study days.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bendazac ; renal insufficiency ; pharmacokinetics ; bendazac-lysine ; 5-hydroxybendazac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of bendazac and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxybendazac, have been investigated in 15 patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency and renal failure following a single oral dose of 500 mg bendazac-lysine. The pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to those obtained in 10 healthy adult volunteers. The rate and the extent of absorption of bendazac was not modified in the patients with moderate and severe renal insufficiency, nor was there any change in plasma tmax, Cmax, apparent elimination t1/2 and AUC. There was a significant increase in the unbound fraction of bendazac in renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis, with a consequent increase in the apparent volume of distribution (V/F) and apparent plasma clearance (CL/F), and a decrease in plasma Cmax and AUC. Simultaneous changes of V/F and CL/F lead to an unchanged plasma t1/2 in these patients. Renal clearance (CLR) was decreased, but CL/F was not affected, since renal excretion is a minor route of elimination of bendazac. Bendazac is mostly eliminated by metabolism to 5-hydroxybendazac, in healthy subjects 〉60% of a dose being excreted in urine as 5-hydroxybendazac and its glucuronide. In patients with renal insufficiency urinary excretion of 5-hydroxybendazac was decreased and the systemic availability of the metabolite (AUC), was increased about three-fold, irrespective of the degree of renal failure. Plasma 5-hydroxybendazac glucuronide accumulated according to the degree of renal insufficiency. Overall it can be assumed that the pharmacological effect of the drug will not be enhanced in renal failure and that the dosage regimen of bendazac-lysine in such patients need not be modified.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pefloxacin ; cirrhosis ; pharmacokinetics ; ascites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma and ascitic fluid concentrations of pefloxacin in 10 cirrhotic patients and 8 healthy volunteers were determined following administration of a single oral dose of 400 mg. The mean elimination half-life was significantly increased in the patients (29.0 h) compared to in 8 healthy volunteers (12.3 h). In patients, the total plasma clearance (2.71 vs 6.85 l/h) and volume of distribution (1.12 vs 1.67 l/kg) were decreased. Estimated by the ratio of the AUC in peritoneal fluid and plasma, ascitic fluid penetration was 68% after one oral dose, and pronounced accumulation of pefloxacin in ascites was found after repeated doses. Oral pefloxacin would seem to be a convenient and useful treatment of spontaneous, gram-negative, bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. However, the decreased hepatic metabolism of the drug leads to a marked accumulation in plasma and ascites after repeated doses, and a reduced dose is required in these patients.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cowpea weevil ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; host selection ; oviposition ; sense organs ; ablation ; palpi ; antennae ; foretarsi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les ablations ont servi d'étape initiale lors de la détermination des organes sensoriels impliqués dans la sélection du lieu de ponte par C. maculatus. Les antennes, les tarses antérieurs, les palpes (maxillaires et labiaux) ont été retirés seuls ou en combinaison. Les femelles ont eu des choix binaires entre les graines de 4 légumineuses: Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata. Chaque combinaison d'ablations était accompagnée d'un témoin chez lequel les mêmes ablations étaient unilatérales. C'est l'ablation des palpes qui a le plus modifié le choix de l'hôte; l'influence relative des autres organes dépendait des paires d'hôtes offerts. Différents organes peuvent fournir des influx opposés quant à l'hôte préféré certaines ablations ont conduit à une inversion complète des préférences. Il semble que les influx sensoriels formaient une gamma avec hiérarchie dominante. Dans les choix binaires, les préférences initiales des femelles intactes ont été supprimées avec l'ablation des palpes seuls, cependant elles n'avaient pas été modifiées par l'ablation conjointe des palpes et des tarses. Dans ces expériences, l'influx antennaire ne devenait dominant qu'après ablation des deux autres organes sensoriels. Les préférences des femelles avec ablations unilatérales ne différaient pas de celles des femelles intactes.
    Notes: Abstract Ablations were performed to identify the sense organs used in host selection by ovipositing cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus. Antennae, foretarsi and palpi (maxillary + labial) were removed singly or in combination, and females were offered pairwise choices of four host species. Removal of the palpi consistently had the greatest effect on host choice, whereas the relative importance of other organs depended on the pair of hosts tested. Different organs may provide conflicting input as to the ‘preferred’ host; certain ablations led to a complete reversal in preference (as opposed to a simple loss of discrimination). Input from separate organs appeared to be received in a dominance hierarchy.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 315-318 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; beta-blockade ; sustained-release propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duration and extent of cardiac beta-blockade and their relationship to propranolol pharmacokinetics were assessed in nine healthy volunteers. Each subject received 160 mg of regular propranolol (R), 160 mg of sustained-release propranolol (SR) and no drug (control), both as single doses and once daily for 7 days. After single doses and at steady-state, both products caused a decrease in exercise heart rate for at least 24 h, compared to control. The time course of effect was similar to the time course of serum propranolol concentration. The oral clearance of propranolol decreased from single doses to steady-state for both R and SR; however, the difference achieved statistical significance only for R. These changes were reflected in mean accumulation ratios (AUC steady-state 0–24 h/AUC single dose 0-infinity) of 1.49 and 1.68 for R and SR, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data are consistent with a decrease in intrinsic hepatic clearance of propranolol, leading to an increase in bioavailability at steady-state. Despite a two-fold difference in the bioavailability of R and SR, there was no difference in the area under the effect-time curve at steady-state.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amodiaquine ; Plasmodium falciparum malaria ; monodesethylamodiaquine ; HPLC ; pharmacokinetics ; prophylaxis ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of monodesethylamodiaquine was studied in four healthy subjects after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg amodiaquine base. Amodiaquine was not found in any sample, but the major metabolite monodesethylamodiaquine was detected and was assumed to be the sole derivative that contributed significantly to antimalarial activity in the blood. The best fit for the decay of the metabolite was obtained with a three-compartment model. The half-lives of the first two phases were 3.2 to 11.4 h for t1/2α1 and 22.7 to 50.3 h for t1/2α2 in plasma. The half-life of the terminal phase ( t1/2β) was between 9 and 18.2 days. The concentration in whole blood was 4- to 6-times higher than in plasma. Three schedules (alternate days, weekly, daily) of the conventional prophylactic dose of 10 mg/kg per week were compared in six other healthy subjects. There were significant differences in the plasma monodesethylamodiaquine levels between the three schedules.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 577-582 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: yohimbine ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma levels ; renal elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetic disposition of yohimbine was examined in eight young male subjects following a single oral dose of 10 mg yohimbine hydrochloride. The drug was rapidly absorbed (absorption half-time 0.17±0.11 h) and rapidly eliminated from the plasma (elimination half-life 0.60±0.26 h). This clearance of yohimbine from plasma was constant over approximately 10 elimination half-lives, suggesting that distribution into a second pharmacokinetically distinct compartment was not responsible for the rapid decline in plasma yohimbine levels. Urinary excretion and the partitioning of the drug into red blood cells (RBC) was investigated. In the 24 h following oral administration of the drug, virtually no yohimbine was eliminated in the urine (0.35±0.50% of the administered dose). Furthermore, only 20% of blood-borne yohimbine was located in RBC. These results suggest that yohimbine is eliminated primarily through metabolism since the rapid plasma clearance of yohimbine was not the result of renal elimination or sequestration by RBC.
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