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  • healthy volunteers  (18)
  • oviposition  (11)
  • Springer  (29)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Elsevier
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (29)
  • 1987  (29)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (29)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Elsevier
Years
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (29)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; oviposition ; parasitism ; host density ; progeny allocation ; fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der parasitischen Wespe Trichogramma minutum hängt die Menge abgelegter Eier teilweise von der räumlichen Verteilung seines Insektenwirtes ab. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Abständen zwischen den Wirtstieren auf die Anzahl von Nachkommen pro Ei beschrieben und mögliche Mechanismen zur Bestimmung der Wirtsdichte vorgeschlagen. Die Anzahl von Nachkommen pro Wirtsei verringert sich mit kleiner werdendem Abstand zwischen den Wirtseiern. Es wird vermutet dass die Wespen ein Mass für die Häufigkeit von Wirtsbegegnungen, z.B. Zeit oder Abstand zwischen Wirten als Schlüssel für die Bestimmung der Menge von Nachkommen benutzen. Diese Erscheinung kann nicht auf Superparasitismus von weiter entfernten Wirten zurückgeführt werden. Einzelne Wirte, die nur einmal von den Wespen parasitiert werden durften, erhielten die gleiche Anzahl von Eiern, wie die am weitesten verteilten Wirte. Darüber hinaus wurde kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl parasitierter Wirte und der durchschnittlichen Grösse der Nachkommenschaft pro Wespe gefunden. Das weist darauf hin, dass die Wespen nicht einfach mit jeder weiteren Wirtsbegegnung ihre Menge zugewiesener Nachkommen verringern. Schliesslich wird der Einfluss von unterschiedlicher Anzahl von Nachkommen auf die Wirtsmortalität diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The clutch size of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is in part adjusted in response to the spatial distribution of its insect egg hosts. This paper describes the effects on progeny allocation of differences in the distance separating single hosts, and a possible mechanism is proposed. The number of progeny laid into a single host decreases with reduced interhost distance. The effect is not due to superparasitism of more widely spaced hosts, since single hosts which the wasps are allowed to parasitize only once receive only as many eggs as the most widely spaced host. Furthermore, no correlation was found between the number of hosts parasitized and the mean clutch size for each wasp, indicating that the wasps do not simply reduce progeny allocation with successive host encouters. Instead, the wasps may use a measure of the frequency of host encouter, for example the time or distance between hosts, as a cue to set cluch size. Comparisons of clutch size for first and second hosts parasitized showed that there is an initial large reduction in clutch size, after which all subsequent hosts parasitized are allocated a constant, reduced number of progeny. The implications of changes in clutch size for the parasitization rate of the wasps are discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fenoldopam ; peripheral dopamine agonist ; pharmacokinetics ; absorption ; food effects ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight healthy volunteers participated in an open crossover study to assess the effect of a standardised meal on the systemic availability of a single oral dose of fenoldopam mesylate 100 mg. Subjects were studied on four separate occasions, twice fasting and twice fed in randomised, balanced order. Plasma and urine samples were obtained before and at regular intervals up to 25 h post dose. Measurement of fenoldopam (SK&F 82526) and its 8-sulphate metabolite (SK&F 87782) were by means of HPLC-EC analysis. Area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and maximum detected plasma concentration (Cmax) for fenoldopam and SK&F 87782 were significantly reduced whereas time to maximum concentration was significantly increased with food. Using AUC's for fenoldopam and SK&F 87782, mean relative bioavailabilities were 35% and 81% respectively under fed compared with fasting conditions. Twenty-four hour excretion of fenoldopam was significantly reduced with food, but excretion of SK&F 87782 was apparently unchanged. Mean relative bioavailabilities calculated from these data were 83% and 86% respectively. Relatively large inter-subject variability in AUC and Cmax were seen, but intra-subject variability was not marked. Mild symptoms associated with vasodilation were reported on all study days.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: corticotrophin-releasing factor ; hypotension ; ovine CRF ; human CRF ; healthy volunteers ; tachycardia ; plasma noradrenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic effects of i.v. bolus injections of 100 and 200 µg ovine CRF and human CRF in man have been compared. Neither ovine CRF 100 µg nor human CRF 100 µg caused a significant change in blood pressure, although the pulse rate was increased in all the subjects tested. The mean maximum increase in pulse rate after human CRF was almost twice that after ovine CRF (21 vs 12 beats·min−1;p〈0.05). After 200 µg ovine CRF in all subjects the diastolic blood pressure declined gradually from 77 mm Hg to a nadir of 67 mm Hg at 22 min (p〈0.002). After 200 µg human CRF diastolic blood pressure fell from 78 mm Hg to a nadir of 61 mm Hg at 6 min (p〈0.002); the fall after human CRF was significantly greater than after ovine CRF (p〈0.05). After 200 µg ovine CRF there was a slight increase in pulse rate lasting for 6 min, and after 200 µg human CRF there was a marked (reflex) tachycardia for 30 min. Only after the highest dose of human CRF did a slight increase in systolic blood pressure occur. The haemodynamic effects of both doses of human CRF were accompanied by significant increases in plasma noradrenaline concentrations, which were significantly greater after the higher dose.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cowpea weevil ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; host selection ; oviposition ; sense organs ; ablation ; palpi ; antennae ; foretarsi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les ablations ont servi d'étape initiale lors de la détermination des organes sensoriels impliqués dans la sélection du lieu de ponte par C. maculatus. Les antennes, les tarses antérieurs, les palpes (maxillaires et labiaux) ont été retirés seuls ou en combinaison. Les femelles ont eu des choix binaires entre les graines de 4 légumineuses: Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata. Chaque combinaison d'ablations était accompagnée d'un témoin chez lequel les mêmes ablations étaient unilatérales. C'est l'ablation des palpes qui a le plus modifié le choix de l'hôte; l'influence relative des autres organes dépendait des paires d'hôtes offerts. Différents organes peuvent fournir des influx opposés quant à l'hôte préféré certaines ablations ont conduit à une inversion complète des préférences. Il semble que les influx sensoriels formaient une gamma avec hiérarchie dominante. Dans les choix binaires, les préférences initiales des femelles intactes ont été supprimées avec l'ablation des palpes seuls, cependant elles n'avaient pas été modifiées par l'ablation conjointe des palpes et des tarses. Dans ces expériences, l'influx antennaire ne devenait dominant qu'après ablation des deux autres organes sensoriels. Les préférences des femelles avec ablations unilatérales ne différaient pas de celles des femelles intactes.
    Notes: Abstract Ablations were performed to identify the sense organs used in host selection by ovipositing cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus. Antennae, foretarsi and palpi (maxillary + labial) were removed singly or in combination, and females were offered pairwise choices of four host species. Removal of the palpi consistently had the greatest effect on host choice, whereas the relative importance of other organs depended on the pair of hosts tested. Different organs may provide conflicting input as to the ‘preferred’ host; certain ablations led to a complete reversal in preference (as opposed to a simple loss of discrimination). Input from separate organs appeared to be received in a dominance hierarchy.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 479-482 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 40749 RP ; gastric acid secretion ; gastric antisecretory agent ; sham feeding ; healthy volunteers ; vagal stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 40749 RP, a pyridyl-2-tetrahydrothiophene derivative, is known to be a potent inhibitor of the gastric acid response to pentagastrin, betazole and a meal. In 6 healthy young volunteers, a single oral dose of 2 mg · kg−1 greatly reduced the gastric acid secretory response to sham-feeding. By contrast, neither gastric pepsin nor the plasma PP response were altered by the drug. No change was observed in plasma gastrin, motilin, VIP or somatostatin concentrations. The results show that 40749 RP is also active on the pure vagus-stimulated gastric acid secretion. The lack of effect upon gastric pepsin and plasma PP suggests that 40749 RP is not likely to act on the basolateral cholinergic receptor and that it affects further cellular steps involved in hydrogen ion secretion.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1987), S. 559-562 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: systole ; inotropic activity ; pharmacodynamic screening ; mexelitine ; disopyramide ; healthy volunteers ; pre-ejection period
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since heart rate (HR) is an important determinant of the duration of systole, systolic time intervals (STI) from 8 healthy subjects were examined after infusion of atropine. As no overall correlation was found between HR and pre-ejection period (PEP), the results confirm the need for individual estimates of the correction of the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and the total electromechanical systole (OS2). In the same subjects the sensitivity of PEP to minor negative inotropic effects of mexiletine and disopyramide measured at Cmax was confirmed. Thus, in addition to its simplicity and reliability, the sensitivity of the uncorrected PEP should encourage use of this technique as part of any screening system for the early detection of an inotropic effect of new chemical entities.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: midazolam ; nitrazepam ; young ; elderly ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twelve young and twelve elderly subjects received a single dose orally of midazolam 15 mg, nitrazepam 5 mg and placebo in a double-blind, crossover comparison. Midazolam acted rapidly, producing a deep sleep at 1 h in fifteen subjects compared to two after Nitrazepam and none after placebo. No comparison of psychomotor tests was possible at this time, but such tests showed that there was no detectable subjective or objective psychomotor impairment at 4 h postdose with either drug. However, the EEG scores strongly suggested that volunteers were more sleepy at 8 h after nitrazepam in comparison to placebo or midazolam. Both groups appeared to handle the drug in a similar manner, there being no significant differences between the groups in the plasma concentration time curves of nitrazepam, or midazolam. The elderly had higher concentrations of α-hydroxymidazolam. This accounted for a small proportion of the total plasma benzodiazepine concentration, and the mean area under the curve for midazolam and metabolite was not significantly different in the old from that in the young.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ACTH response ; antiglucocorticoid RU-486 ; plasma cortisol level ; corticotrophin releasing hormone CRH ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of ACTH to an i.v. bolus injection of 100 µg human CRH at 09.00 h was investigated in five healthy men with and without pretreatment with the antiglucocorticoid RU-486 100 mg given orally 7 h before the injection of CRH. In all five subjects the plasma cortisol level immediately before CRH administration at 09.00 h was significantly higher after pretreatment with the antiglucocorticoid (17.1 vs 11.1 µg/100 ml). Despite this higher baseline cortisol level, in all subjects the maximal CRH-induced ACTH increase was more pronounced after RU-486 loading (Δmax ACTH 39 vs 26 pg/ml). This observation proves that in man physiological concentrations of cortisol determine the response of the pituitary to CRH. Furthermore, the findings suggest reduced circulating glucocorticoid activity after administration of 100 mg RU-486, not completely compensated by an increase in plasma cortisol.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1261-1277 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Onion fly ; onion maggot ; Delia antiqua ; Hylemya antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; host selection ; oviposition ; dipropyl disulfide ; behavior ; herbivore ; plant-insect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Onion fly females,Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) laid the most eggs on ovipositional dishes havingn-dipropyl disulfide (Pr2S2) release rates of 1–6 ng/sec from polyethylene capsules placed beneath a sand substrate. When dipropyl disulfide was released from the wax coating of surrogate foliage rather than from the substrate, ovipositing females again responded differentially to various concentrations, laying more eggs around stems containing 0.075 and 0.089 mg/stem. Factorial combinations of several concentrations released from surrogate foliage and substrate showed that releases from surrogate foliage stimulated four times more egg-laying than releases from the substrate. Females tended to lay more eggs around surrogate stems having Pr2S2 at the base rather than on the upper half of foliage. Observations of individual females performing preovipositional examining behaviors on Pr2S2-treated surrogate stems indicated that females tended to land on the upper portions of the foliage, but after landing, spent most of their time examining areas of soil and surrogate within 1 cm of the soil-surrogate foliage interface. Surrogate stems provide a realistic context for investigating effects of plant chemicals on host-acceptance behaviors.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 939-942 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acid rain ; apple maggot fly ; host plant selection ; oviposition ; pollution ; Rhagoletis pomonella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tephritid fruit fly,Rhagoletis pomonella, is less likely to attempt oviposition in host fruit that have been exposed to acid rain or to a simulated acid rain solution (pH〈3.8). Electrophysiological data suggest that acid rain residue on the fruit surface may interfere with the sensory mechanisms that the fly uses during recognition and acceptance of host fruit.
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