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  • Articles  (6)
  • Chemistry  (5)
  • van der Waals equation  (1)
  • Magnetism
  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (6)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (6)
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  • Articles  (6)
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  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rubber elasticity ; orientational interaction ; finite extensibility ; entanglements ; van der Waals equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We propose a physical interpretation of the so-called van der Waals equation of state for rubbers, which gives a relation between the force and the deformation. On a phenomenological basis this equation takes the finite extensibility and a non-defined interaction into account. Here the fininte extensibility is discussed for the dilute case (no entanglements) and the highly entangled limit. The intramolecular interactions are described by orientational effects. The resulting equation of state for the force shows the same features as the van der Waals equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 17 (1986), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Spannungshypothesen und Werkstoffanstrengung im Hertz'schen KontaktDer Spannungszustand im Halbraum des Hertz'schen Kontaktbereichs kann unter idealisierten Annahmen für verschiedene Geometrien in Abhängigkeit von der Flächenpressung (Normalkraft), der Reibung (Tangentialkraft an der Oberfläche) sowie den Eigenspannungen im Werkstoff berechnet werden.Aus den Koordinatenspannungen lassen sich Vergleichsspannungen nach verschiedenen Anstrengungshypothesen (Gestaltänderungsenergiehypothese, Schubspannungshypothese und Wechselschubspannungshypothese) bilden.Untersucht wird die Wirkung von Reibung, Eigenspannungen und Geometrie der Kontaktfläche auf die Vergleichsspannung nach den einzelnen Anstrengungshypothesen. Es erfolgt die Darstellung des Einflusses dieser Parameter auf Ort und Betrag des im Werkstoff auftretenden Vergleichsspannungsmaximums.Anhand dieser Untersuchungen wird deutlich, daß die Gestaltänderungsenergiehypothese bei dynamisch beanspruchten Wälzelementen die Werkstoffanstrengung am besten beschreibt. Die Schubspannungshypothese kann als gute Näherung aufgefaßt werden, während die Wechselschubspannungshypothese nur sehr eingeschränkt aussagefähig ist.
    Notes: Using idealised assumptions, the stress condition in the semi infinite body of the Hertzian contact region can be calculated for various geometries as a function of the surface pressure (normal force), the friction (tangential force at the surface) and the residual stresses in the material.Equivalent stresses can be formed from the coordinate stresses using various stress hypotheses (distortion energy hypothesis, shear stress hypothesis and alternating shear stress hypothesis).The effects of friction, residual stresses and contact geometry on the location and magnitude of the equivalent stresses appearing in the material have been investigated, the stress hypotheses being evaluated in terms of the extent to which they take account of these effects in an appropriate form.These investigations show clearly that the distortion energy hypothesis is the best representation of the extent of material stress in the case of dynamically loaded rolling elements. The shear stress hypothesis can be considered as a good approximation whereas the alternating shear stress hypothesis is only capable of providing useful conclusions to a limited extent.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 17 (1986), S. 370-378 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fretting Fatigue Strength of Plasmanitrided 34 CrAlMo 5Fretting fatigue load here means oscillating sliding movements of very small amplitude (1-3 μm) and synchronous fatigue load. Characteristic of this is the appearance of frettings. These surface damages lead to the formation of microcracks, which spread and finally lead to the premature fatigue failure of the component. To simulate such processes of damage, which are known of the bearing surfaces of roller bearing races, of turbine blades and of shaft-hub-combinations, a fretting bridge apparatus is used.The plasmanitriding and plasmanitrocarburizing of metals are thermochemical heat treatments, which change the microstructure of near to surface areas. By means of this the mechanical and technological properties of components, e.g. wear and corrosive resistance as well as fatigue strength, are improved. Dur to the advantage sof the process, plasmanitriding is already used in many regions of production.Investigating the fretting fatigue strength of plasmanitrided respectively plasmanitrocarburized 34 CrAlMo 5 shows, that these treatments improve the fatigue strength values to a level 14% higher, the fretting fatigue strength increases about 50%.
    Notes: Unter Schwingungsverschließbeanspruchung wird hier eine oszillierende Gleitbewegung von sehr kleiner Amplitude (1-3 μm) bei gleichzeitiger schwingender Werkstoffbelastung verstanden. Kennzeichnend ist das Auftreten von Scheuer- und Reibschweißstellen. Diese Oberflächenschäden bewirken die Bildung von Mikrorissen, welche sich ausbreiten und zum vorzeitigen Ermüdungsbruch des Bauteils führen. Zur Simulation solcher Schadensvorgänge, wie sie bei Paarverbindungen wie Wälzlagersitzen, Turbinenschaufeln und Wellen Naben-Verbindungen bekannt sind, wird eine Reibkufenapparatur benutzt.Das Plasmanitrieren und das Plasmanitrocarburiern metallischer Werkstoffe sind thermochemische Wärmebehandlungsverfahren, die den mikrostrukturellen Aufbau der oberflächennahen Bereiche Verändern. Dadurch werden die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften von Werkstücken, wie z. B. der Verschleiß- und Korrosionswiderstand sowie die Dauerfestigkeit verbessert. Aufgrund seiner verfahrenstechnischen Vorteile wird das Plasmanitrieren inzwischen in vielen Fertigungsbereichen angewendet.Die Ermittlung der Schwingungsverschleißfestigkeit an vergütetem und plasmanitriertem bzw. -nitrocarburiertem 34 CrAlMo 5 zeigt, daß durch diese Behandlungsverfahren die Zugschwellfestigkeit um bis zu 14%, die Schwingungsverschleißfestigkeit um bis zu 50% angehoben werden kann.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 17 (1986), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: New Developments in Preparation of Hard Material Coatings by Plasma CVDIn this paper, the technique for the preparation of hard material coatings using a D.C. Plasma is described. Two methods are used: One is direct current (D.C.) non-pulsed glow discharge method and the other is pulsed D.C. glow discharge method. It has been shown that the temperature in chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of TiN can be reduced from about 1000°C in conventional CVD to about 500-600°C by the application of a D.C. non-equilibrium plasma. Emphasis is placed on the new design concept for industrial application by using a pulsed D.C. power source and auxiliary heating device. The structures of the TiN coatings obtained at 600 °C are analysed by means of electron microscope and X-ray diffraction methods. The film deposition rate is 1-3 μm/h. It is concluded that plasma assisted CVD of hard material coatings offers a superior alternative to the conventional CVD method.
    Notes: Es wird über eine neue Anlagen- und Verfahrensentwicklung für die Herstellung von Hartstoffschichten im Plasma einer Glimmentladung berichtet. Dabei werden zwei Varianten, die mit pulsierender und mit nicht pulsierender Gleichstromglimmentladung arbeiten, erläutert. Die Temperatur der chemischen Gasphasenabscheidung (CVD) von Titannitrid kann durch die Verwendung eines Gleichstromplasmas von etwa 1000°C, die beim konventionellen thermischen CVD notwendig ist, auf etwa 500-600°C abgesenkt werden. Die vorgestellte Anlagenkonzeption mit gepulster Gleichstromversorgung und separater Zusatzheizung ist für den industriellen Einsatz geeignet. Der Aufbau von auf verschiedenen Stählen bei 600 °C hergestellten Titannitridschichten wurde mittels Elektronenmikroskopie und Röntgenbeugung untersucht. Die Schichtwachstumsgeschwindigkeit beträgt zwischen 1 und 3 μm/h. Die Herstellung von Hartstoffschichten mittels Plasma-CVD bietet eine überlegene Alternative zum konventionellen CVD-Verfahren.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Chemical and physical processes are attracting increasing attention from plastics processors. The reasons for this are basically twofold. On the one hand, more and more processors are recognizing that the quality of their products is highly dependent upon physical processes (cooling, temperature control, blending, etc.) and, on the other hand, new methods of physical and chemical treatment are being developed which are bringing improvements in quality and hence, virtually inevitably, greater profitability in production. This technology has made its impact both on discontinuous processing (reaction injection molding), on cable and pipe extrusion, and on the direct polymerization of tapes and films. The formulations that can be applied here are monomer casting systems. A prerequisite for the industrial utilization of this system is a process analysis of the reaction molding compound processing in a parallel-running twin screw extruder to allow the influence of the process parameters on product quality (e.g., molecular weight) to be clarified and the polymerization to be integrated into other processing sequences, such as panel extrusion. The modification of tried and tested plastics through blending with other polymers, however, can also change the properties of the material in such a way that cost-intensive plastics can be replaced or even new fields of application can be opened up. The attainable properties are just as much a function of the individual components and their percentage content as they are of the blending technique, as investigalions on a corotating twin-screw extruder have shown. The melting zone takes on primary significance, since it is here that both the homogenization and desired or undesired high shearing takes place. The crystallization of semicrystalline plastics also has a considerable influence on product quality. To date this has been influenced by the selective addition of nucleiproducing foreign substances. A new process substitutes electron-irradiated granules for these nucleating agents, such that the drawbacks of the foreign particles (toxicity, notch effect, and optical impairment) are eliminated. The effectiveness of this measure is reflected in better mechanical characteristic values. These both allow a higher product quality and a shortening of cooling time and hence higher productivity. Modijication of material properties through subsequent crosslinking represents the state of the art in rubber and polyethylene extrusion for cables and pipes. Special peroxides and the application of microwave energy make it possible to crosslink extrudates (pipes, profiles) made of HDPE and EPDM. The kinetics of crosslinking are explained, taking the example of crosslinking with peroxides. It is seen that the process technologv has to be adapted to the compound in terms of residence time and temperature. Under these conditions the microwave energy crosslinking plant operates with considerably shorter plant lengths and hence with lower energy losses.
    Additional Material: 50 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advances in Polymer Technology 6 (1986), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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