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  • 1
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    ISEE 1 and 2 observations of Birkeland currents in the earth's inner magnetosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Signatures of Birkeland currents in the earth's inner magnetosphere observed from the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft during November 1977-December 1978 at distances ranging from 2.4-7.0 earth radii are examined. The data reveal that most of the currents were detected during outbound rather than inbound passes. Large-scale current structures were identified as parts of the region 1 and 2 current systems in 27 percent of the spacecraft outbound passes; no distinguishable region 1 or 2 currents were detected in 19 percent of the outbound passes; and in 54 percent of the passes multiple current structures and ambiguous magnetic signatures were observed. The properties of Birkeland current structures observed on January 31, 1978, February 28, 1978, March 15, 1978, June 21, 1978, and June 25, 1978 are described. It is observed that the current sheet thicknesses range from 519-18,279 km; sheet current density ranges from 13-150 mA/m; and the volume current density ranges from 1.7-128 nA/sq m.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 6945-695
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  • 2
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    Multipolarization radar images for geologic mapping and vegetation discrimination (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA has developed an airborne SAR that simultaneously yields image data in four linear polarizations in L-band with 10-m resolution over a swath of about 10 km. Signal data are recorded both optically and digitally and annotated in each of the channels to facilitate completely automated digital correlation. Comparison of the relative intensities of the different polarizations furnishes discriminatory mapping information. Local intensity variations in like-polarization images result from topographic effects, while strong cross polarization responses denote the effects of vegetation cover and, in some cases, possible scattering from the subsurface. In each of the areas studied, multiple polarization data led to the discrimination and mapping of unique surface unit features.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 246-257
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  • 3
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    Lidar observation of the mesospheric sodium layer in Antarctica (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The mesospheric sodium layer has been observed at Syowa Station in Antarctica during the wintering period of the 26th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. A lidar observation of the polar middle atmosphere at the station has been performed as a part of the Middle Atmosphere Program since 1983. At first stratospheric aerosols have been observed by the system based on a ruby laser. In 1985 a new transmitting system consisting of a tunable dye laser was added to that system to observe the sodium layer, too. The characteristics of the lidar system are given. The results of the mesospheric sodium layer observed on 42 nights during the period from March to October, 1985 are also given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 3 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Lidar measurement of stratospheric aerosol at Syowa Station, Antarctica (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Lidar measurement on Antarctic aerosols were made during the Antarctic Middle Atmosphere (AMA) period, 1983 to 1985, at Syowa Station. Topics measured are winter enhancement aerosol layer and volcanic effect of El Chichon on the Antarctic stratosphere aerosols. The large depolarization ratio (maximum value was about 0.8) seems to support sublimation growth of ice crystals. The lidar measurements showed a meaningful time lag between aerosol content increase and depolarization ratio increase. Considering the balloon observations made in early winter, it was speculated that an increase in large particle number concentration also contributed to the winter enhancement. The El Chichon cloud spread to the Antarctic region by the beginning of 1983. The temporal change of integrated backscatter coefficient shows a clear decay pattern, although strong winter enhancement superposes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 5
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    Time-dependent numerical simulation of hot ion outflow from the polar ionosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The time-dependent hydrodynamic model of Gombosi et al. (1985) was used to investigate the effects of bulk plasma heating on ion flows in the polar ionosphere. In the analysis, coupled time-dependent continuity, momentum, and energy equations of a two-ion (H/+/ and O/+/) quasi-neutral plasma were solved between 200 and 8000 km for polar wind conditions. In spite of its several limitations, the model can serve to indicate the gross behavior of polar region plasma flows. Two specific cases, ion heating and electron heating, were considered. The calculated temperature and flow profiles suggest that ion heating, rather than electron heating, generates the upwelling ion events, for which large transient O(+) outflows accompanied by elevated ion temperatures were observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 6
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    Geodesy by radio interferometry - Determinations of baseline vector, earth rotation, and solid earth tide parameters with the Mark I very long baseline radio interferometery system (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Thirty-seven very long baseline radio interferometry experiments performed between 1972 and 1978 are analyzed and estimates of baseline vectors between six sites, five in the continental United States and one in Europe are derived. No evidence of significant changes in baseline length is found. For example, with a statistical level of confidence of approximately 85 percent, upper bounds on such changes within the United States ranged from a low of 10 mm/yr for the 850 km baseline between Westford, Massachusetts, and Green Bank, West Virginia, to a high of 90 mm/yr for the nearly 4000 km baseline between Westford and Goldstone, California. Estimates for universal time and for the x component of the position of the earth's pole are obtained. For the last 15 experiments, the only ones employing wideband receivers, the root-mean-square differences between the derived values and the corresponding ones published by the Bureau International de l'Heure are 0.0012 s and 0.018 arc sec respectively. The average value obtained for the radial Love number for the solid earth is 0.62 + or - 0.02 (estimated standard error).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 1935-194
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  • 7
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    Energetic particle beams in the plasma sheet boundary layer following substorm expansion - Simultaneous near-earth and distant tail observations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Simultaneous observations of ions and electron beams in the near-earth and deep magnetotail following the onset of substorm are analyzed in terms of the substorm neutral line model. The observations were collected on March 20, 1983 with ISSE 1 and 3. Energy fluxes and intensity-time profiles of protons and electrons are studied. The data reveal that the reconnection at the near-earth neutral line produces ions and electrons for the plasma sheet boundary layer. The maximum electric potential along the neutral line is evaluated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4277-428
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  • 8
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    Adiabatic theory in regions of strong field gradients (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The theory for the generalized first invariant for adiabatic motion of charged particles in regions where there are large gradients in magnetic or electric fields is developed. The general condition for an invariant to exist in such regions is that the potential well in which the particle oscillates change its shape slowly as the particle drifts. It is shown how the Kruskal (1962) procedure can be applied to obtain expressions for the invariant and for drift velocities that are asymptotic in a smallness parameter epsilon. The procedure is illustrated by obtaining the invariant and drift velocities for particles traversing a perpendicular shock, and the generalized invariant is compared with the magnetic moment, and the drift orbits with the actual orbits, for a particular case. In contrast to the magnetic moment, the generalized first invariant is better for large gyroradii (large kinetic energies) than for small gyroradii. Expressions for the invariant when an electrostatic potential jump is imposed across the perpendicular shock, and when the particle traverses a rotational shear layer with a small normal component of the magnetic field are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4149-415
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  • 9
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    ISEE 3 observations during a plasma sheet encounter at 140 earth radii - Evidence for enhancement of reconnection at the distant neutral line (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A plasma sheet encounter of the ISEE-3 spacecraft in the distant tail at 140 earth radii on March 20, 1983 is studied using magnetic field, energetic particle, and plasma electron data sets. The H-component magnetograms from auroral magnetometer stations, intensity-time profiles, high resolution magnetic field measurements, and electron and proton angular distributions are analyzed. The dynamics of the plasma sheet displayed by the strong tailward and earthward directed ion beams, large northward and southward magnetic fields excursions, and short tailward and earthward plasma flows are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 1451-145
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  • 10
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    On the use of a sunward libration-point-orbiting spacecraft as an interplanetary magnetic field monitor for magnetospheric studies (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In order to test the accuracy of using magnetometer data from a spacecraft orbiting the sunward libration point to determine the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the angle between the IMF at ISEE 3, when it was positioned around the libration point, and at ISEE 1, orbiting the earth, has been calculated for a data set of 1-hour periods covering four months. For each period, a 10-minute average of ISEE 1 data is compared with 10-minute averages of ISEE 3 data at successively lagged intervals. It is concluded that the IMF orientation at a libration-point-orbiting spacecraft, lagged by the time required for the solar wind to convect to the earth, is a convenient predictor of IMF orientation near the earth, to within about 20-degree accuracy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 5629-563
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