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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Branching heads of symbiotic corals were pulse labeled with either 14C-acetate or 14C-bicarbonate for 1.33 h and the distribution and loss of label was then followed for 16d. The patterns of incorporation and washout were similar for both tracers. Non-solvent-extractable radioactivity (1/3 of the total) was divided into a CaCO3 and an organic fraction, both of which exhibited small if any decrease in radioactivity over 16d. In contrast, total solvent extractable (lipid) radioactivity (2/3 of the total) decreased during the washout period with the first half-life for bicarbonate at 2 d, the second at 4 d and the third could not be measured because of the persistence of a constant amount of radioactivity (18% of Day 1 value) from Day 8 to 16. Of the total retained activity, the zooxanthellae fraction contained between 8–18% from Day 1 to 5. The percentage of total animal (host) radioactivity in lipids rose from 35–40% at 0 time after tracer exposure to 70–90% at 60 min. The majority of 14C fixed into lipids was recovered in the fatty acyl moieties and not in the glycerol moiety as had been previously reported a number of times. These studies suggest that photosynthetically fixed carbon is immediately synthesized into lipid, which is translocated to the host. Analyses of the fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerols (TG) and wax esters (WE) of 40 species of coral from a small patch reef were made. In aposymbiotic species the absence of zooxanthellae appeared to be correlated with higher levels of total lipid, lower percentages of saturated fatty acids and lower TG/WE ratios than in species with symbionts.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Body size is the best overall indicator of the abilities of the cladocerans Daphnia magna, D. parvula, Ceriodaphnia lacustris and Bosmina longirostris to filter natural bacteria (〈1.0 μm). However, species differences exist which cannot be inferred from differences in size, behavior, or morphology alone. The relationship between filtering rate (FR in ml animal-1h-1) and body length (L in mm) for the cladocerans studied can be described by the power function: $$\begin{gathered} FR = 0.538 L^{1.545} \hfill \\ (r^2 = 0.88, F = 168.54, P 〈 0.001). \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ In D. parvula, algal filtering rates are higher and increase more rapidly with increasing body size than do bacterial filtering rates which are 26 to 33% of algal rates. This suggests that different processes may be involved in the capture of these ultrafine particles and that ultrafine particle capture efficiency decreases with increasing body size within a species. Weight specific filtering rates (in μl μg dry wt-1h-1) have a strong negative relationship to body size and show species specific differences. Appendage beat rates intersetular distances, setule diameter, appendage, area, % open space on the filtering appendage, Reynolds number, and boundary layer thickness do not provide simple predictions of bacterial filtering rates for the cladocerans studied. Filtering rates on cultured laboratory bacteria and algae may not indicate filtering rates on natural bacterioplankton because of differences in bacterial size, motility, and surface properties. Uptake of ultrafine particles may be enhanced by the presence of larger, more readily filtered particles through a “piggybacking” phenomenon.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theory of computing systems 16 (1983), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 1433-0490
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The classical study of factorization of operators along a linearly ordered chain of orthoprojectors is extended to the more general context of partially ordered chains. With this extension the factorization theory becomes relevant to stochastic approximation, filtering and control of multidimensional systems.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 386-389 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 75 (1983), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inorganic carbon concentrations on photosynthetic oxygen evolution of isolated zooxanthellae and coral tips from the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix were measured in the laboratory using an oxygen electrode. Whole coral colonies of Stylophora pistillata were examined in situ, using a bioassay respirometer. Inorganic carbon concentrations above 2.3 mM, the ambient concentration of reef water, generally did not stimulate photosynthesis. These results indicate that inorganic carbon is not limiting to coral photosynthesis and that respiratory carbon dioxide production by the coral host probably has little effect on the photosynthetic rates of its symbiotic zooxanthellae.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 53-54 (1983), S. 307-325 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Current studies on the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids by isolated rat liver cells are largely concerned with the regulation of the activity of previously existing acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, and with the regulation of the quantity of these enzymes. These studies have required the development of methods for obtaining high yields of viable hepatocytes that respond to hormonal treatment. Such methods have been developed over the past 10–15 years through the efforts of several laboratories. These studies have also required the development of a method to determine whether a change in the activity of an enzyme is due to a modification of preexisting enzyme or to a change in quantity of that enzyme. The most satisfactory method to use for such studies is immunotitration of enzyme activity. In recent years studies on the regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase have largely centered upon the effect of phosphorylation-dephosphorylation on the activity of this enzyme and whether glucagon inhibits the activity of this enzyme through this process. Much data from a number of laboratories have suggested that glucagon regulates the activity of this enzyme through phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. However, several of these studies involved the use of crude systems in which competing enzymes and substrates that can significantly interfere with acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity measurements were still present. Hence, a confirmation of these studies needs to be carried out under conditions in which the effects of competing enzymes and substrates are eliminated. Studies on changes in quantity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and tatty acid synthetase have shown that these enzymes are induced by the fasting and refeeding of animals. They have also shown that insulin stimulates (10- to 30-fold) the induction of these enzymes. This induction appears to be due to a change in the quantity of translatable mRNA which may, in turn, be due to a change in the rate of transcription of the genes coding for these enzymes.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transition metal chemistry 8 (1983), S. 324-328 
    ISSN: 1572-901X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Spectrophotometric and cryoscopic studies of the molybdenum(VI)-lactic acid (C3O3H6) system show the existence of three different oxoanion complexes in aqueous solution which have been isolated as [Co(en)3]3+ salts. These are one molybdodilactate {[MoO2(C3O3H4 2]2−} and two dinuclear 1/1 species: [Mo2O5(C3O3H4)2(H2O)2]2− and [Mo2O3(OH)3-(C3O3H4)2]−. The pH of the medium is the main variable, controlling the formation equilibria which are similar to those previously described for other α-hydroxy-acid ligands.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 18 (1983), S. 1895-1896 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytochemistry ; Epidermis ; Golgi apparatus ; Mucoid cells ; Nudibranchia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The epidermal mucoid cells in the cerata ofAeolidia papillosa andCoryphella rufibranchialis were cytochemically tested to determine the composition of their secretory products. The PAS, alcian blue, PA-TSC-SP and high iron diamine stains were used to determine the presence of acidic, sulphated, and periodate-reactive groups on the mucopolysaccharides. The secretory granules in mucoid cells ofA. papillosa consisted of periodate-reactive mucopolysaccharides with acid groups other than sulphates. Each granule also contained fibrils which were not oxidized by periodic acid. The mucoid secretory granules inC. rufibranchialis contained weakly acidic sulphated mucopolysaccharides, but no periodate-reactive polysaccharide groups. In both aeolid nudibranchs the Golgi apparatus at the base of the mucoid cells contained products which stained the same as those in the secretory granules, confirming that the Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis of mucoid secretory products. In addition the mucoid cell Golgi complex ofC. rufibranchialis also gave rise to ellipsoid vacuoles which contained sulphated mucopolysaccharides.
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